Evolutionary Algorithms in Computer-Aided Molecular Design


Contents


GENERAL EA REFERENCES - BOOKS

Clark, D.E. (Ed). Evolutionary Algorithms in Molecular Design. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000.

Michalewicz, Z. and Fogel, D.B. How to Solve it: Modern Heuristics. Springer-Verlag, 2000.

Bentley, P.J. (Ed.) Evolutionary Design by Computers. Morgan Kaufmann, 1999.

Koza, J.R., Bennett, F.H., Andre, D. and Keane, M.A. Genetic Programming III: Darwinian Invention and Problem Solving. Morgan Kaufman, 1999.

Coley, D.A. Introduction to Genetic Algorithms for Scientists and Engineers. World Scientific, 1999.

Fogel, D.B. (Ed.) Evolutionary Computation: The Fossil Record. IEEE Press, Piscataway (NJ), 1998 (ISBN: 0-7803-3481-7).

Falkenauer, E. Genetic Algorithms and Grouping Problems, Wiley, Chichester, 1997.

Banzhaf, W., Nordin, P., Keller, R.E. and Francone, F.D. Genetic Programming: An Introduction on the Automatic Evolution of Computer Programs and its Applications, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1997.

Baeck, T., Fogel, D.B. and Michalewicz, Z. (Eds). Handbook of Evolutionary Computation, OUP/IOP, 1997.

Mitchell, M. An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), 1996.

Baeck, T. Evolutionary Algorithms in Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, New York (NY), 1996.

Michalewicz, Z. Genetic Algorithms + Data Structures = Evolution Programs, Springer, Berlin, 1996.

Fogel, D.B. Evolutionary Computation: Toward a New Philosophy of Machine Intelligence, IEEE Press, Piscataway (NJ), 1995.

Holland, J.H. Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, 2nd ed., MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), 1992.

Davis, L. (Ed.) Handbook of Genetic Algorithms, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (NY), 1991.

Goldberg, D.E. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning, Addison-Wesley, Reading (MA), 1989.

GENERAL EA REFERENCES - ARTICLES

Foster, J.A. Evolutionary Computation. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2001, 2, 428-436.

Cantu-Paz, E. and Goldberg, D.E. On the Scalability of Parallel Genetic Algorithms. Evol. Comput. 1999, 7, 429-449.

Coello, C.A.C. A Comprehensive Survey of Evolutionary-based Multiobjective Optimization Techniques. Knowledge and Information Systems 1999, 1, 269-308. Click here to download this and other references to EMOOs.

Whitley, D., Rana, S. and Heckendorn, R.B. The Island Model Genetic Algorithm: On Separability, Population Size and Convergence. Journal of Computing and Information Technology 1999, 7, 33-47.

Michalewicz, Z., Esquivel, S., Gallard, R., Michalewicz, M., Tao, G. and Trojanowski, K. The Spirit of Evolutionary Algorithms. Journal of Computing and Information Technology 1999, 7, 1-18.

Eiben, A.E., Hinterding, R. and Michalewicz, Z. Parameter Control in Evolutionary Algorithms. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 1999, 3, 124-141.

Yao, X., Liu Y. and Lin, G. Evolutionary Programming Made Faster. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 1999, 3, 82-102.

Stephens, C. and Waelbroeck, H. Schemata Evolution and Building Blocks. Evolutionary Computation 1999, 7, 109-124.

Burke, D.S., De Jong, K.A., Grefenstette, J.J., Ramsey, C.L. and Wu, A.S. Putting More Genetics into Genetic Algorithms. Evolutionary Computation 1998, 6, 387-410.

Wehrens, R. and Buydens, L.M.C. Evolutionary Optimization: A Tutorial. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 1998, 17, 193-203.

Tuson, A. and Ross, P. Adapting Operator Settings in Genetic Algorithms. Evolutionary Computation 1998, 6, 161-184.

Culberson, J.C. On the Futility of Blind Search: An Algorithmic View of "No Free Lunch". Evolutionary Computation 1998, 6, 109-127.

Tsutsui, S., Fujimoto, Y. and Ghosh, A. Forking Genetic Algorithms: GAs with Search Space Division Schemes. Evolutionary Computation 1997, 5, 61-80.

Houck, C.R., Joines, J.A., Kay, M.G. and Wilson, J.R. Empirical Investigation of the Benefits of Partial Lamarckianism. Evolutionary Computation 1997, 5, 31-60.

Wolpert, E.D.H. and Macready, W.G. No Free Lunch Theorems for Optimization. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 1997, 1, 67-82.

Baeck, T., Hammel, U., and Schwefel, H.-P. Evolutionary Computation: Comments on the History and Current State. IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation 1997, 1, 3-17.

Shaffer, R.E. and Small, G.W. Learning Optimization from Nature: Genetic Algorithms and Simulated Annealing. Analytical Chemistry 1997, 69, 236A-242A.

Schneider, G., Schuchhardt, J. and Wrede, P. Evolutionary Optimisation in Multimodal Search Space. Biological Cybernetics 1996, 74, 203-207.

Baeck, T. and Schwefel, H.-P. An Overview of Evolutionary Algorithms for Parameter Optimisation. Evolutionary Computation 1993, 1, 1-23.

Forrest, S. Genetic Algorithms: Principles of Natural Selection Applied to Computation. Science 1993, 261, 872-878.

Holland, J.H. Genetic Algorithms. Scientific American 1992, July, 44-50.

GENERAL CHEMISTRY-RELATED REFERENCES

Shaffer, R.E. and Small, G.W. Learning from Nature. Todays Chemist at Work 1999, November, 19-27.

Milne, G.W.A. Mathematics as a Basis for Chemistry. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1997, 37, 639-644.

Judson, R. Genetic Algorithms and Their Use in Chemistry. Reviews in Computational Chemistry 1997, 10, 1-73.

Luke, B.T. An Overview of Genetic Methods. In: Devillers, J. (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 35-66.

Lucasius, C.B. and Kateman, G. Understanding and Using Genetic Algorithms. 2. Representation, Configuration and Hybridization. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1994, 25, 99-145.

Lucasius, C.B. and Kateman, G. Gates towards Evolutionary Large-Scale Optimisation: A Software-Oriented Approach to Genetic Algorithms. 1. General Perspective. Computers and Chemistry 1994, 18, 127-136.

Lucasius, C.B. and Kateman, G. Gates towards Evolutionary Large-Scale Optimisation: A Software-Oriented Approach to Genetic Algorithms. 2. Toolbox Description. Computers and Chemistry 1994, 18, 137-156.

Cartwright, H.M. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Chemistry, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993.

Hibbert, D.B. Genetic Algorithms in Chemistry. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1993, 19, 277-293.

Lucasius, C.B. and Kateman, G. Understanding and Using Genetic Algorithms. Part 1. Concepts, Properties and Context. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1993, 19, 1-33.

REVIEWS OF CAMD APPLICATIONS

Leardi, R. Genetic Algorithms in Chemometrics and Chemistry: A Review. J. Chemom. 2001, 15, 559-569.

Felton, M.J. Survival of the Fittest in Drug Design. Modern Drug Discovery 2000, 3, 53-54.

Wales, D.J. and Scheraga, H.A. Global Optimization of Clusters, Crystals and Biomolecules. Science 1999, 285, 1368-1372.

Clark, D.E. Evolutionary Algorithms in Rational Drug Design: A Review of Current Applications and a Look to the Future. In Rational Drug Design: Novel Methodology and Practical Applications, ACS Symposium Series Vol. 719, Parrill, A.L., Reddy, M.R., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington DC; 1999, pp. 255-270.

Jones, G. Genetic and Evolutionary Algorithms. Encyclopedia of Computational Chemistry. Wiley, Chichester, 1998.

Clark, D.E. Some Current Trends in Evolutionary Algorithm Research Exemplified by Applications in Computer-Aided Molecular Design. MATCH 1998, 38, 85-98.

Brown, R.D. and Clark, D.E. Genetic Diversity: Applications of Evolutionary Algorithms to Combinatorial Library Design. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 1998, 8, 1447-1460.

Maddalena, D.J. and Snowdon, G.M. Applications of Genetic Algorithms to Drug Design. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 1997, 7, 247-254.

Parrill, A. Evolutionary and Genetic Methods in Drug Design. Drug Discovery Today 1996, 1, 514-521.

Devillers, J. Genetic Algorithms in Computer-Aided Molecular Design. In: Devillers, J. (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 1-34.

Clark, D.E. and Westhead, D.R. A Review of Evolutionary Algorithms in Computer-Aided Molecular Design. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 1996, 10, 337-358.

Willett, P. Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Recognition and Design. Trends in Biotechnology 1995, 13, 516-521.

SMALL MOLECULE CONFORMATIONAL SEARCH REFERENCES

Bungay, S. D. et al. Optimization of Transition State Structures using Genetic Algorithms. J. Math. Chem. 2000, 28, 389-401.

Vega, J., Michaelian, K., Garzon, I.L., Beltran, M.R. and Hernandez, L. Isomers of Adenine. J. Mol. Struct. (THEOCHEM) 1999, 493, 275-285.

Jin, A.Y., Leung, F.Y. and Weaver, D.F. Three Variations of Genetic Algorithm for Searching Biomolecular Conformation Space: Comparison of GAP 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1999, 13, 1329-1342.

Mekenyan, O., Dimitrov, D., Nikolova, N. and Karabunarliev, S. Conformational Coverage by a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1999, 39, 997-1016.

Luke, B.T. Applications of Distributed Computing to Conformational Searches. In Truhlar, D.G., Howe, W.J., Hopfinger, A.J., Blaney, J. and Dammkoehler, R.A. (Eds). Rational Drug Design, Springer, New York, 1999, pp. 191-206.

Wehrens, R., Pretsch, E. and Buydens, L.M.C. The Quality of Optimization by Genetic Algorithms. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 388, 265-271.

Wang, J., Hou, T., Chen, L. and Xu, X. Conformational Analysis of Peptides Using Monte Carlo Simulations Combined with the Genetic Algorithm. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1999, 45, 347-351.

Del Carpio, C.A. GAFLEX: A Hybrid GA Engine for Mapping the Configuration Hyperspace of Organic Compounds in Solution. Genome Inf. Ser. 1998, 9, 372-373.

Frey, C. An Evolutionary Algorithm with Local Search and Classification for Conformational Searching. MATCH 1998, 38, 137-159.

Keser, M. and Stupp, S.I. A Genetic Algorithm for Conformational Search of Organic Molecules: Implications for Materials Chemistry. Computers and Chemistry 1998, 22, 345-352.

Nair, N. and Goodman, J.M. Genetic Algorithms in Conformational Analysis. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 317-320.

Wehrens, R., Pretsch, E. and Buydens, L.M.C. Quality Criteria of Genetic Algorithms for Structure Optimization. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 151-157.

Jin, A.Y., Leung, F.Y. and Weaver, D.F. Development of a Novel Genetic Algorithm Search Method (GAP1.0) for Exploring Peptide Conformational Space. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1997, 18, 1971-1984.

Lee, J., Scheraga, H.A. and Rackovsky, S. New Optimization Method for Conformational Energy Calculations on Polypeptides: Conformational Space Annealing. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1997, 18, 1222-1232.

Head, M.S., Given, J.A. and Gilson, M.K. Mining Minima: Direct Computation of Conformational Free Energy. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 1997, 101, 1609-1618.

Meza, J.C., Judson, R.S., Faulkner, T.R. and Treasurywala, A.M. A Comparison of a Direct Search Method and a Genetic Algorithm for Conformational Searching. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1996, 17, 1142-1151.

Herrmann, F. and Suhai, S. Energy Minimisation of Peptide Analogues Using Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1995, 16, 1434-1444.

Garduno-Juarez, R. and Romero, D. Heuristic Methods in Conformational Space Search of Peptides. THEOCHEM 1994, 114, 115-123.

Sanderson, P.N., Glen, R.C., Payne, A.W.R., Hudson, B.D., Heide, C., Tranter, G.E., Doyle, P.M. and Harris, C.J. Characterisation of the Solution Conformation of a Cyclic RGD Peptide Analogue by NMR Spectroscopy Allied with a Genetic Algorithm Approach and Constrained Molecular Dynamics. International Journal of Peptide and Protein Research 1994, 43, 588-596.

Clark, D.E., Jones, G., Willett, P., Kenny, P.W. and Glen, R.C. Pharmacophoric Pattern Matching in Files of Three-Dimensional Chemical Structures: Comparison of Conformational Searching Algorithms for Flexible Searching. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1994, 34, 197-206.

Brodmeier, T. and Pretsch, E. Application of Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1994, 15, 588-595.

McGarrah, D.B. and Judson, R.S. Analysis of the Genetic Algorithm Method of Molecular Conformation Determination. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1993, 14, 1385-1395.

Payne, A.W.R. and Glen, R.C. Molecular Recognition Using a Binary Genetic Search Algorithm. Journal of Molecular Graphics 1993, 11, 74-91.

Judson, R.S., Jaeger, E.P., Treasurywala, A.M. and Peterson, M.L. Conformational Searching Methods for Small Molecules. II. Genetic Algorithm Approach. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1993, 14, 1407-1414.

Jones, G., Brown, R.D., Clark, D.E., Willett, P. and Glen, R.C. Searching Databases of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Chemical Structures Using Genetic Algorithms. In Forrest, S. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo (CA), 1993, pp. 597-602.

Linert, W., Margl, P. and Lukovits, I. Numerical Minimization Procedures in Molecular Mechanics: Structural Modeling of the Solvation of beta-cyclodextrin. Comput. Chem. 1992, 16, 61-69.

MACROMOLECULE STUDIES

Shapiro, B.A., Wu, J.C., Bengali, D. and Potts, M.J. The Massively Parallel Genetic Algorithm for RNA Folding: MIMD Implementation and Population Variation. Bioinformatics 2001, 17, 137-148.

Chen, J.-H., Le, S.-Y. and Maizel, J.V. Prediction of Common Secondary Structures of RNAs: A Genetic Algorithm Approach. Nucleic Acids Research 2000, 28, 991-999.

Parbhane, R.V., Unniraman, S., Tambe, S.S., Nagaraja, V. and Kulkarni, B.D. Optimum DNA Curvature Using a Hybrid Approach Involving a Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 2000, 17, 665-672.

Wu, J.C. and Shapiro, B.A. A Boltzmann filter improves the prediction of RNA folding pathways in a massively parallel genetic algorithm. J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 1999, 17, 581-589.

Yamaguchi, K. and Del Carpio, C.A. A Genetic Programming Based System for the Prediction of Secondary and Tertiary Structures of RNA. Genome Inf. Ser. 1998, 9, 382-383.

Gultyaev, A.P., van Batenburg, F.H.D. and Pleij, C.W.A. Dynamic Competition Between Alternative Structures in Viroid RNAs Simulated by an RNA Folding Algorithm. Journal of Molecular Biology 1998, 276, 43-55.

Gultyaev, A.P., Franch, T. and Gerdes, K. Programmed Cell Death by Hok/Sok of Plasmid R1: Coupled Nucleotide Covariations Reveal a Phylogenetically Conserved Folding Pathway in the Hok Family of mRNAs. Journal of Molecular Biology 1997, 273, 26-37.

Notredame, C., O'Brien, E.A. and Higgins, D.G. RAGA: RNA Sequence Alignment by Genetic Algorithm. Nucleic Acids Research 1997, 25, 4570-4580. (NB - parallel version)

Rodriguez-Alvarado, G. and Roossinck, M.J. Structural Analysis of a Necrogenic Strain of Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus Satellite RNA in Planta. Virology 1997, 236, 155-166.

Proutski, V., Gaunt, M.W., Gould, E.A. and Holmes, E.C. Secondary Structure of the 3'-untranslated Region of Yellow Fever Virus: Implications for Virulence, Attentuation and Vaccine Development. Journal of General Virology 1997, 78, 1543-1549.

Saxena, P., Whang, I., Voziyanov, Y., Harkey, C., Argos, P., Jayaram, M. and Dandekar, T. Probing Flp: A New Approach to Analyze the Structure of a DNA-Recognizing Protein by Combining the Genetic Algorithm, Mutagenesis and Non-Canonical DNA Target Sites. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology, 1997, 1340, 187-204.

Shapiro, B.A. and Wu, J.C. Predicting RNA H-Type Pseudoknots with the Massively Parallel Genetic Algorithm. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 1997, 13, 459-471.

Proutski, V., Gould, E.A. and Holmes, E.C. Secondary Structure of the 3' Untranslated Region of Flaviviruses: Similarities and Differences. Nucleic Acids Research 1997, 25, 1194-1202.

Currey, K.M. and Shapiro, B.A. Secondary Structure Computer Prediction of the Poliovirus 5' Non-Coding Region is Improved by a Genetic Algorithm. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 1997, 13, 1-12.

Louise-May, S., Auffinger, P. and Westhof, E. Calculations of Nucleic Acid Conformations. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1996, 6, 289-298.

Shapiro, B.A. and Wu, J.C. An Annealing Mutation Operator in the Genetic Algorithms for RNA Folding. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 1996, 12, 171-180. (NB - cf self-adaptation)

Beckers, M.L.M., Derks, E.P.P.A., Melssen, W.J. and Buydens, L.M.C. Parallel Processing of Chemical Information in a Local Area Network. III. Using Genetic Algorithms for Conformational Analysis of Biomacromolecules. Computers and Chemistry 1996, 20, 449-457.

Benedetti, G. and Morosetti, S. A Graph-Topological Approach to Recognition of Pattern and Similarity in RNA Secondary Structures. Biophysical Chemistry 1996, 59, 179-184.

Gultyaev, A.P., van Batenburg, F.H.D. and Pleij, C.W.A. The Computer Simulation of RNA Folding Pathways using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Molecular Biology 1995, 250, 37-51.

Van Batenburg, F.H.D., Gultyaev, A.P. and Pleij, C.W.A. An APL-Programmed Genetic Algorithm for the Prediction of RNA Secondary Structure. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1995, 174, 269-280.

Benedetti, G. and Morosetti, S. A Genetic Algorithm to Search for Optimal and Suboptimal RNA Structures. Biophysical Chemistry 1995, 55, 253-259.

Ogata, H., Akiyama, Y. and Kanehisa, M. A. Genetic Algorithm-based Molecular Modeling Technique for RNA Stem-Loop Structures. Nucleic Acids Research 1995, 23, 419-426.

Shapiro, B.A. and Navetta, J. A Massively Parallel Genetic Algorithm for RNA Secondary Structure Prediction. Journal of Supercomputing 1994, 8, 195-207.

Walker, J.D., File, P.E., Miller, C.B. and Sansom, W.B. Building DNA Maps: A Genetic Algorithm Based Approach. Adv. Mol. Bioinf. 1994, 179-199.

Blommers, M.J.J., Lucasius, C.B., Kateman, G. and Kaptein, R. Conformational Analysis of a Dinucleotide Photodimer with the Aid of the Genetic Algorithm. Biopolymers 1992, 32, 45-52.

Lucasius, C.B., Blommers, M.J.J., Buydens, L.M.C. and Kateman, G. A Genetic Algorithm for Conformational Analysis of DNA. In Davis, L. (Ed.), Handbook of Genetic Algorithms, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (NY), 1991, pp. 251-281.

Schuster, P. Optimization and Complexity in Molecular Biology and Physics. Springer Ser. Synergetics 1989, 44, 101-122.

Fontana, W., Schnabl, W. and Schuster, P. Physical Aspects of Evolutionary Optimization and Adaptation. Phys. Rev. A: Gen. Phys. 1989, 40, 3301-3021.

PROTEIN FOLDING

Yang, J.-M., Tsai, C.-H., Hwang, M.-J., Tsai, H.-K., Hwang, J.-K. and Kao, C.-Y. GEM: Gaussian Evolutionary Method for Predicting Protein Side-chain Conformations. Protein Science 2002, 11, 1897-1907.

Liang, F. and Wong, W.H. Evolutionary Monte Carlo for Protein Folding Simulations. J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 115, 3374-3380.

Saxena, I.M., Brown, R.M. and Dandekar, T. Structure-function Characterization of Cellulose Synthase: Relationship to other Glycosyltransferases. Phytochemistry 2001, 57, 1135-1148.

Gibbs, N., Clarke, A.R. and Sessions, R.B. Ab Initio Protein Structure Prediction using Physicochemical Constraints and a Simplified Off-lattice Model. Proteins 2001, 43, 186-202.

Schulze-Kremer, S. Genetic Algorithms and Protein Folding. Methods Mol. Biol. 2000, 143, 175-222.

Yoo, S., Kim, D. and Jung, S.-H. Comparison of Recombination Methods and Cooling Factors in Genetic Algorithms Applied to Folding of Protein Model System. Bull. Korean Chem. Soc. 2000, 21, 281-290.

Backofen, R., Will, S., Bond, J. and Clote, P. Algorithmic Approach to Quantifying the Hydrophobic Force Contribution in Protein Folding. Pac. Symp. Biocomput. 2000, 95-106.

Wenzel, W. and Hamacher, K. Scaling Laws for Protein Folding. Lect. Notes Phys. 1999, 527, 62-71.

Koenig, R. and Dandekar, T. Refined Genetic Algorithm Simulations to Model Proteins. Journal of Molecular Modelling 1999, 5, 317-324.

Dinner, A.R., Verosub, E. and Karplus, M. Use of a Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship to Design Larger Model Proteins that Fold Rapidly. Protein Engineering 1999, 12, 909-917.

Dandekar, T. and Du, F. Analysing the Interplay between Secondary and Tertiary Structure Predictions in Folding Simulations with a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Molecular Modelling 1999, 5, 78-89.

Sun, Z., Xia, X., Guo, Q. and Xu, D. Protein Structure Prediction in a 210-type Orthogonal Lattice Model: Parameter Optimization in the Genetic Algorithm using Orthogonal Array. J. Protein Chemistry 1999, 18, 39-46.

Konig, R. and Dandekar, T. Improving Genetic Algorithms for Protein Folding Simulations by Systematic Crossover. BioSystems 1999, 50, 17-25.

Wong, W.H., Cui, Y. and Chen, R.S. Torsional Relaxation for Biopolymers. J. Comput. Biol. 1998, 5, 655-665.

Sun, Z., Han, H. and Wang, Y. Applying Genetic Algorithms to the Study of Protein Mutation Theory. Chin. Sci. Bull. 1998, 43, 1977-1982.

Yadgari, J., Amir, A. and Unger, R. Genetic Algorithms for Protein Threading. ISMB 1998, 6, 193-202.

Gunn, J.R. Hierarchical Minimization with Distance and Angle Constraints. ISMB 1998, 6, 78-84.

Dinner, A.R., So, S-.S. and Karplus, M. Use of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships to Predict the Folding Ability of Model Proteins. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1998, 33, 177-203.

Standley, D.M., Gunn, J.R., Friesner, R.A. and McDermott, A.E. Tertiary Structure Prediction of Mixed Alpha/Beta Proteins Via Energy Minimization. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1998, 33, 240-252.

Krasnoger, N., Pelta, D., Lopez, P.E.M. and de la Canal, E. Genetic Algorithms for the Protein Folding Problem: a Critical View. Proceedings of the 1998 Conference on Engineering of Intelligent Systems. See here for this paper and others by this group.

Cui, Y., Chen, R.S. and Wong, W.H. Protein Folding Simulation with Genetic Algorithm and Supersecondary Structure Constraints. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1998, 31, 247-257.

Mirny, L.A., Abkevich, V.I. and Shakhnovich, E.I. How Evolution Makes Proteins Fold Quickly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 1998, 95, 4976-4981.

Pedersen, J.T. and Moult, J. Ab Initio Protein Folding Simulations with Genetic Algorithms: Simulations on the Complete Sequence of Small Proteins. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1997, Suppl. 1: 179-184.

Dandekar, T. and Konig, R. Computational Methods for the Prediction of Protein Folds. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 1997, 1343, 1-15.

Rychlewski, L. and Godzik, A. Secondary Structure Prediction using Segment Similarity. Protein Engineering 1997, 10, 1143-1153.

Govindarajan, S. and Goldstein, R.A. Evolution of Model Proteins on a Foldability Landscape. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1997, 29, 461-466.

Dandekar, T. and Argos, P. Applying Experimental Data to Protein Fold Determination with the Genetic Algorithm. Protein Engineering 1997, 10, 877-893.

Khimasia, M.M. and Coveney, P.V. Protein Structure Prediction as a Hard Optimization Problem: the Genetic Algorithm Approach. Molecular Simulation 1997, 19, 205-226.

Dandekar, T. Improving Protein Structure Prediction by New Stategies: Experimental Insights and the Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Molecular Modelling 1997, 3, 312-314.

Dandekar, T. and Leippe, M. Molecular Modeling of Amoebapore and NK-Lysin: A Four-Alpha-Helix Bundle of Cytolytic Peptides from Distantly Related Organisms. Folding and Design 1997, 2, 47-52.

Ebeling, M. and Nadler, W. Protein Folding: Optimized Sequences Obtained by Simulated Breeding in a Minimalist Model. Biopolymers 1997, 41, 165-180.

Gunn, J.R. Sampling Protein Conformations Using Segment Libraries and a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Chemical Physics 1997, 106, 4270-4281.

Pedersen, J.T. and Moult, J. Protein Folding Simulations with Genetic Algorithms and a Detailed Molecular Description. Journal of Molecular Biology 1997, 269, 240-259.

Dandekar, T. and Argos, P. Identifying the Tertiary Fold of Small Proteins with Different Topologies from Sequence and Secondary Structure using the Genetic Algorithm and Extended Criteria Specific for Strand Regions. Journal of Molecular Biology 1996, 256, 645-660.

Dandekar, T. The Genetic Algorithm Applied as a Modelling Tools to Predict the Fold of Small Proteins with Different Topologies. Journal of Molecular Modelling 1996, 2, 304-307.

Dandekar, T. and Argos, P. Ab Initio Tertiary Fold Prediction of Helical and Non-Helical Protein Chains using a Genetic Algorithm. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 1996, 18, 1-4.

Elofsson, A., Fischer, D., Rice, D.W., Le Grand, S.M. and Eisenberg, D. A Study of Combined Structure/Sequence Profiles. Folding and Design 1996, 1, 451-461.

Pedersen, J.T. and Moult, J. Genetic Algorithms for Protein Structure Prediction. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1996, 6, 227-231.

Gunn, J.R. Minimising Reduced-Model Proteins using a Generalised Hierarchical Table-Lookup Potential Function. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1996, 100, 3264-3272.

Del Carpio, C.A. A Parallel Genetic Algorithm for Polypeptide Three-Dimensional Structure Prediction: A Transputer Implementation. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1996, 36, 258-269.

Rabow, A.A. and Scheraga, H.A. Improved Genetic Algorithm for the Protein Folding Problem by Use of a Cartesian Combination Operator. Protein Science 1996, 5, 1800-1815.

Del Carpio, C.A., Sasaki, S., Baranyi, L. and Okada, H. A Parallel Hybrid GA for Peptide 3-D Structure Prediction. Genome Inf. Ser. 1995, 6, 130-131.

Sun, S.J., Thomas, P.D. and Dill, K.A. A Simple Protein Folding Algorithm using a Binary Code and Secondary Structure Constraints. Protein Engineering 1995, 8, 769-778.

Gates, G.H., Merkle, L.D., Lamont, G.B., Pachter, R. and Adams, W.W. Polypeptide Energy Minimization Using the Parallel Fast Messy Genetic Algorithm. Polym. Prepr. 1995, 36, 647-648.

Patton, A.L., Punch, W.F. and Goodman, E.D. A Standard GA Approach to Native Protein Conformation Prediction. In, L.J. Eshelman, Ed., Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc, San Mateo, CA, 1995; pp. 574-581.

Sun, S. A Genetic Algorithm that Seeks Native States of Peptides and Proteins. Biophysical Journal 1995, 69, 340-355.

Le Grand, S.M. and Merz, K.M. The Genetic Algorithm and the Conformational Search of Polypeptides and Proteins. Molecular Simulation 1995, 13, 299-320.

Pedersen, J.T. and Moult, J. Ab Initio Structure Prediction for Small Polypeptides and Protein Fragments using Genetic Algorithms. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1995, 23, 454-460.

Elofsson, A., Le Grand, S.M. and Eisenberg, D. Local Moves: An Efficient Algorithm for Simulation of Protein Folding. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1995, 23, 73-82.

Argos, P. and Dandekar, T. Delineating the Mainchain Topology of Four-helix Bundle Proteins using the Genetic Algorithm and Knowledge Based on the Amino Acid Sequence Alone. Protein Struct. Distance Anal. 1994, 315-326.

Herrmann, F. Genetic Algorithm Codings Used in Protein Structure Prediction by Energy Minimization. Protein Struct. Distance Anal. 1994, 175-184.

Herrmann, F. and Suhai, S. Genetic Algorithms in Protein Structure Prediction. Comput. Methods Genome Res. 1994, 173-190.

Schulze-Kremer, S. and Levin, A. Evaluation of Search Performance of a Genetic Algorithm with a Multi-value Fitness Function to Find Favourable Protein Conformations. Adv. Mol. Bioinf. 1994, 201-221.

Gunn, J.R., Monge, A., Friesner, R.A. and Marshall, C.H. Hierarchical Algorithm for Computer Modeling of Protein Tertiary Structure: Folding of Myoglobin to 6.2 Angstrom Resolution. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1994, 98, 702-711.

Bowie, J.U. and Eisenberg, D. An Evolutionary Approach to Folding Small Alpha-Helical Proteins that Uses Sequence Information and an Empirical Guiding Fitness Function. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 1994, 91, 4436-4440.

Dandekar, T. and Argos, P. Folding the Main Chain of Small Proteins with the Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Molecular Biology 1994, 236, 844-861.

Ring, C.S. and Cohen, F.C. Conformational Sampling of Loop Structures Using Genetic Algorithms. Israel Journal of Chemistry 1994, 34, 245-252.

Unger, R. and Moult, J. Effect of Mutations on the Performance of Genetic Algorithms Suitable for Protein Folding Simulations. Computer-Aided Innovation of New Materials 1993, 2, 1283-1286.

Unger, R. and Moult, J. Genetic Algorithms for Protein Folding Simulations. Journal of Molecular Biology 1993, 231, 75-81.

Sun, S. Reduced Representation Model of Protein Structure Prediction: Statistical Potential and Genetic Algorithms. Protein Science 1993, 2, 762-785.

Le Grand, S.M. and Merz, K.M. The Application of the Genetic Algorithm to the Minimisation of Potential Energy Functions. Journal of Global Optimisation 1993, 3, 49-66.

Tuffery, P., Etchebest, C., Hazout, S. and Lavery, R. A Critical Comparison of Search Algorithms Applied to the Optimisation of Protein Side-Chain Conformations. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1993, 14, 790-798.

Dandekar, T. and Argos, P. Potential of Genetic Algorithms in Protein Folding and Protein Engineering Simulations. Protein Engineering 1992, 5, 637-645.

Judson, R.S. Teaching Polymers to Fold. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1992, 96, 10102-10104.

Judson, R.S., Colvin, M.E., Meza, J.C., Huffer, A. and Gutierrez, D. Do Intelligent Configuration Search Techniques Outperform Random Search for Large Molecules? International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 1992, 44, 277-290.

Schulze-Kremer, S. Genetic Algorithms for Protein Tertiary Structure Prediction. In Maenner, R. and Manderick, B. (Eds.), Parallel Problem Solving from Nature 2, Elsevier Science Publishers/North Holland, Amsterdam, 1992, pp. 391-400.

Tuffery, P., Etchebest, C., Hazout, S. and Lavery, R. A New Approach to the Rapid Determination of Protein Side Chain Conformations. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 1991, 8, 1267-1289.

DOCKING

Huang, X. et al. Elucidating the Inhibiting Mode of AHPBA Derivatives against HIV-1 Protease and Building Predictive 3D-QSAR Models. J. Med. Chem. 2002 in press. (Application of AutoDock Lamarckian GA).

Budin, N., Majeux, N. and Caflisch, A. Fragment-based Flexible Ligand Docking by Evolutionary Optimization. Biol. Chem. 2001, 382, 1365-1372.

Thormann, M. and Pons, M. Massive Docking of Flexible Ligands Using Environmental Niches in Parallelized Genetic Algorithms. J. Comput. Chem. 2001, 22, 1971-1982.

Gardiner, E.J., Willett, P. and Artymiuk, P.J. Protein Docking Using a Genetic Algorithm. Proteins 2001, 44, 44-56.

Del Carpio, M., Adriel, C. and Yoshimori, A. MIAX: A System for Assessment of Macromolecular Interaction. 3) A Parallel Hybrid GA for Flexible Protein Docking. Genome Inf. Ser. 2000, 11, 205-214.

Taylor, J.S. and Burnett, R.M. DARWIN: A Program for Docking Flexible Molecules. Proteins 2000, 41, 173-191.

Yang, J.-M. and Kao, C.-Y. Flexible ligand docking using a robust evolutionary algorithm J. Comput. Chem. 2000, 21, 988-998.

Hou, T., Wang, J.M. and Xu, X.J. A Comparison of Three Heuristic Algorithms for Molecular Docking. Chin. Chem. Lett. 1999, 10, 615-618.

Hou, T., Wang, J., Chen, L. and Xu, X. Automated Docking of Peptides and Proteins by Using a Genetic Algorithm Combined with a Tabu Search. Protein Engineering 1999, 12, 639-648.

Gehlhaar, D.K., Bouzida, D. and Rejto, P.A. Reduced Dimensionality in Ligand-Protein Structure Prediction: Covalent Inhibitors of Serine Proteases and Design of Site-Directed Combinatorial Libraries. In Rational Drug Design: Novel Methodology and Practical Applications, ACS Symposium Series Vol. 719, Parrill, A.L., Reddy, M.R., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington DC; 1999, pp. 292-311.

Jones, G., Willett, P., Glen, R.C., Leach, A.R. and Taylor, R. Further Development of a Genetic Algorithm for Ligand Docking and its Application to Screening Combinatorial Libraries. In Rational Drug Design: Novel Methodology and Practical Applications, ACS Symposium Series Vol. 719, Parrill, A.L., Reddy, M.R., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington DC; 1999, pp. 271-291.

Chen, J. and Chi, H. Fast Docking of Drug Molecules to their Receptor. Chin. Sci. Bull. 1999, 44, 904-908.

Wang, J., Hou, T., Chen, L. and Xu, X.J. Automated Docking of Peptides and Proteins by Genetic Algorithm. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1999, 45, 281-286.

Vieth, V.D., Hirst, J.D., Dominy, B.N., Daigler, H., Brooks, C.L. Assessing Search Strategies for Flexible Docking. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1998, 19, 1623-1631.

Morris, G.M., Goodsell, D.S., Halliday, R.S., Huey, R., Hart, W.E., Belew, R.K. and Olson, A.J. Automated Docking using a Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm and an Empirical Binding Free Energy Function. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1998, 19, 1639-1662.

Levine, D., Facello, M., Hallstrom, P., Reeder, G., Walenz, B. and Stevens, F. STALK: An Interactive System for Virtual Molecular Docking. IEEE Comput. Sci. Eng. 1997, 4, 55-65.

Shah, N.K., Rejto, P.A. and Verkhivker, G.M. Structural Consensus in Ligand-Protein Docking Identifies Recognition Peptide Motifs that Bind Streptavidin. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1997, 28, 421-433.

Rejto, P.A. and Verkhivker, G.M. Mean Field Analysis of FKBP-12 Complexes with FK506 and Rapamycin: Implications for a Role of Crystallographic Water Molecules in Molecular Recognition and Specificity. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1997, 28, 313-324.

Westhead, D.R., Clark, D.E. and Murray, C.W. A Comparison of Heuristic Search Algorithms for Molecular Docking. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 1997, 11, 209-228.

Jones, G., Willett, P., Glen, R.C., Leach, A.R. and Taylor, R. Development and Validation of a Genetic Algorithm for Flexible Docking. Journal of Molecular Biology 1997, 267, 727-748.

Sansom, C. Evolution Goes for GOLD in silico. Nature Biotechnology 1997, 15, 624.

Gehlhaar, D.K. and Fogel, D.B. Tuning Evolutionary Programming for Conformationally Flexible Molecular Docking. In Fogel, L.J., Angeline, P.J. and Baeck, T. (Eds.), Evolutionary Programming V: Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), 1996, pp. 419-429.

Verkhivker, G.M., Rejto, P.A., Gehlhaar, D.K. and Freer, S.T. Exploring the Energy Landscapes of Molecular Recognition by a Genetic Algorithm: Analysis of the Requirements for Robust Docking of HIV-1 Protease and FKBP-12 Complexes. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1996, 25, 342-353.

Meadows, R.P. and Hajduk, P.J. A Genetic Algorithm-based Protocol for Docking Ensembles of Small Ligands using Experimental Results. Journal of Biomolecular NMR 1995, 6, 41-47.

Jones, G., Willett, P. and Glen, R.C. Molecular Recognition of Receptor Sites Using a Genetic Algorithm with a Description of Desolvation. Journal of Molecular Biology 1995, 245, 43-53.

Clark, K.P. and Ajay Flexible Ligand Docking without Parameter Adjustment across Four Ligand-Receptor Complexes. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1995, 16, 1210-1226.

Gehlhaar, D.K., Verkhivker, G.M., Rejto, P.A., Sherman, C.J. Fogel, D.B., Fogel, L.J. and Freer, S.T. Molecular Recognition of the Inhibitor AG-1343 by HIV-1 Protease: Conformationally Flexible Docking by Evolutionary Programming. Chemistry and Biology 1995, 2, 317-324.

Gehlhaar, D.K., Verkhivker, G.M., Rejto, P.A., Fogel, D.B., Fogel, L.J. and Freer, S.T. Docking Conformationally Flexible Small Molecules into a Protein Binding Site Through Evolutionary Programming. In McDonnell, J.R., Reynolds, R.G. and Fogel, D.B. (Eds.), Evolutionary Programming IV: Proceedings of the Fourth Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, MIT Press, Cambridge (MA), 1995, pp. 615-627.

Judson, R.S., Tan, Y.T., Mori, E., Melius, C., Jaeger, E.P., Treasurywala, A.M. and Mathiowetz, A. Docking Flexible Molecules: A Case Study of Three Proteins. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1995, 16, 1405-1419.

Oshiro, C.M., Kuntz, I.D. and Dixon, J.S. Flexible Ligand Docking Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 1995, 9, 113-120.

Xiao, Y.L. and Williams, D.E. GAME: Genetic Algorithm for Minimisation of Energy: An Interactive Program for 3-Dimensional Intermolecular Interactions. Computers and Chemistry 1994, 18, 199-201.

Xiao, Y.L. and Williams, D.E. Genetic Algorithms for Docking of Actinomycin D and Deoxyguanosine Molecules with Comparison to the Crystal Structure of Actinomycin D - Deoxyguanosine Complex. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1994, 98, 7191-7200.

Judson, R.S., Jaeger, E.P. and Treasurywala, A.M. A Genetic Algorithm Based Method for Docking Flexible Molecules. Journal of Molecular Structure 1994, 308, 191-206.

Duncan, B.S. Predicting Protein-Protein Interaction Using Parametric Surfaces. Paper presented at the 13th Annual Conference of the Molecular Graphics Society: Molecular Graphics at the Frontier, Evanston (IL), U.S.A., July 1994. (An abstract of this paper was published in Chemical Design Automation News 1994, July, 35).

Dixon, J.S. Flexible Docking of Ligands to Receptor Sites using Genetic Algorithms. In Wermuth, C.G. (Ed.), Trends in QSAR and Molecular Modelling 92, ESCOM, Leiden, 1993, pp. 412-413.

DE NOVO DESIGN

Ibarra-Molero, B. et al. Genetic Algorithm to Design Stabilising Surface Charge Distributions in Proteins. J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 6609-6613.

Campbell, W. et al. A Novel Genetic Algorithm for Designing Mimetic Peptides that Interfere with the Function of a Target Molecule. Microbiology and Immunology 2002, 46, 211-215.

Pegg, S.C.-H., Haresco, J.J. and Kuntz, I.D. A Genetic Algorithm for Structure-based De Novo Design. JCAMD 2001, 15, 911-933.

Budin, N., Majeux, N., Tenette-Souaille, C. and Caflisch, A. Structure-based Ligand Design by a Build-up Approach and Genetic Algorithm Search in Conformational Space. J. Comput. Chem. 2001, 22, 1956-1970.

Budin, N., Ahmed, S., Majeux, N. and Caflisch, A. An Evolutionary Approach for Structure-based Design of Natural and Non-natural Peptidic Ligands. Comb. Chem. HTS 2001, 4, 661-673.

Schneider, G., Clement-Chomienne, O., Hilfiger, L., Schneider, P., Kirsch, S., Boehm, H.-J. and Neidhart, W. Virtual Screening for Bioactive Molecules by Evolutionary De Novo Design. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 2000, 39, 4130-4133.

Wang, R., Gao, Y. and Lai, L. LigBuilder: A Multi-Purpose Program for Structure-based Drug Design. J. Mol. Modell. 2000, 6, 498-516.

Jagla, B. and Schuchhardt, J. Adaptive Encoding Neural Networks for the Recognition of Human Signal Peptide Cleavage Sites. Bioinformatics 2000, 16, 245-250.

Schneider, G., Lee, M.-L., Stahl, M. and Scheider, P. De novo design of molecular architectures by evolutionary assembly of drug-derived building blocks. J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design 2000, 14, 487-494.

Douguet, D., Thoreau, E. and Grassy, G. A genetic algorithm for the automated generation of small organic molecules: Drug design using an evolutionary algorithm. J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Design 2000, 14, 449-466.

Desjarlais, J.R. and Handel, T.M. Side-Chain and Backbone Flexibility in Protein Core Design. Journal of Molecular Biology 1999, 290, 305-318.

Sullivan, M. Taking Drug Discovery to New Heights. Today's Chemist at Work 1999, January, 44-46. (This mentions briefly a EA-based de novo design package called EAinventor developed by Bob Pearlman's group).

Nachbar, R. Molecular Evolution: a Hierarchical Representation for Chemical Topology and its Automated Manipulation. In Proceedings of the Third Annual Genetic Programming Conference, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 22-25 July 1998, pages 246-253.

Patel, S., Stott, I.P., Bhakoo, M. and Elliott, P. Patenting Computer-Designed Peptides. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 1998, 12, 543-556.

Sundaram, A. and Venkatasubramanian, V. Parametric Sensitivity and Search-Space Characterization Studies of Genetic Algorithms for Computer-Aided Polymer Design. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 1177-1191.

Globus, A., Lawton, J. and Wipke, T. Automatic Molecular Design Using Evolutionary Techniques. Nanotechnology 1999, 10, 290-299. Click here to see fulltext of paper.

Schnieder, G., Schroedl, W., Wallukat, G., Mueller, J., Nissen, E., Roenspek, W., Wrede, P. and Kunze, R. Peptide Design by Artificial Neural Networks and Computer-based Evolutionary Search. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 1998, 95, 12179-12184.

Desjarlais, J.R. and Clarke, N.D. Computer Search Algorithms in Protein Modification and Design. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1998, 8, 471-476.

Ghirlanda, G., Lear, J.D., Lombardi, A. and DeGrado, W.F. >From Synthetic Coiled Coils to Functional Proteins: Automated Design of a Receptor for the Calmodulin-binding Domain of Calcineurin. Journal of Molecular Biology 1998, 281, 379-391.

Kel, A., Ptitsyn, A., Babenko, V., Meier-Ewert, S. and Lehrach, H. A Genetic Algorithm for Designing Gene Family-specific Oligonucleotide Sets Used for Hybridization: the G Protein-coupled Receptor Protein Superfamily. Bioinformatics 1998, 14, 259-270.

Brusic, V., Rudy, G., Honeyman, M., Hammer, J., and Harrison, L. Prediction of MHC Class II-binding Peptides Using an Evolutionary Algorithm and Artificial Neural Network. Bioinformatics 1998, 14, 121-130.

Wrede, P., Landt, O., Klages, S., Fatemi, A., Hahn, U. and Schneider, G. Peptide Design Aided by Neural Networks: Biological Activity of Artificial Signal Peptidase I Cleavage Sites. Biochemistry 1998, 37, 3588-3593.

Lazar, G.A., Desjarlais, J.R. and Handel, T.M. De Novo Design of the Hydrophobic Core of Ubiquitin. Protein Science 1997, 6, 1167-1178.

Jansen, J.M., Koehler, K.F., Hedberg, M.H., Johanssen, A.M., Hacksell, U., Nordvall, G. and Snyder, J.P. Molecular Design using the Minireceptor Concept. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, 1997, 37, 812-818. (Application of LeapFrog).

Devillers, J. Designing Molecules with Specific Properties from Intercommunicating Hybrid Systems. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1996, 36, 1061-1066.

Jones, D.T., Moody, C.M., Uppenbrink, J., Viles, J.H., Doyle, P.M., Harris, C.J., Pearl, L.H., Sadler, P.J. and Thornton, J.M. Towards Meeting the Paracelsus Challenge: The Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Paracelsin-43, an Alpha-Helical Protein with Over 50-Percent Sequence Identity to an All-Beta Protein. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1996, 24, 502-513.

Venkatasubramanian, V., Chan, J., Sundaram, A. and Caruthers, J.M. Designing Molecules with Genetic Algorithms. AIChe Symp. Ser. 1995, 304, 270-275.

Glen, R.C. and Payne, A.W.R. A Genetic Algorithm for the Automated Generation of Molecules within Constraints. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 1995, 9, 181-202.

Westhead, D.R., Clark, D.E., Frenkel, D., Li, J., Murray, C.W., Robson, B. and Waszkowycz, B. PRO_LIGAND: An Approach to De Novo Molecular Design. 3. A Genetic Algorithm for Structure Refinement. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 1995, 9, 139-148.

Schneider, G., Schuchhardt, J. and Wrede, P. Development of Simple Fitness Landscapes for Peptides by Artificial Neural Filter Systems. Biological Cybernetics 1995, 73, 245-254.

Schneider, G., Schuchhardt, J. and Wrede, P. Peptide Design in Machina: Development of Artificial Mitochondrial Protein Precursor Cleavage Sites by Simulated Molecular Evolution. Biophysical Journal 1995, 68, 434-447.

Venkatasubramanian, V., Chan, K. and Caruthers, J.M. Evolutionary Design of Molecules with Desired Properties Using the Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1995, 35, 188-195.

Venkatasubramanian, V., Chan, K. and Caruthers, J.M. Genetic Algorithmic Approach for Computer-Aided Molecular Design. In Computer-Aided Molecular Design: Applications in Agrochemicals, Materials and Pharmaceuticals, Reynolds, C.H., Holloway, M.K. and Cox, H.K. (Eds). ACS Symposium Series 589, ACS, Washington DC, 1995. pp. 396-414.

Desjarlais, J.R. and Handel, T.M. De Novo Design of the Hydrophobic Cores of Proteins. Protein Science 1995, 4, 2006-2018.

Ebeling, M. and Nadler, W. On Constructing Folding Heteropolymers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 1995, 92, 8798-8802.

Venkatasubramanian, V. and Caruthers, J.M. Computer-Aided Molecular Design Using Genetic Algorithms. Comput. Chem. Eng 1994, 18, 833-844.

Schneider, G., Schuchhardt, J. and Wrede, P. Artificial Neural Networks and Simulated Molecular Evolution Are Potential Tools for Sequence-Oriented Protein Design. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 1994, 10, 635-645.

Schneider, G. and Wrede, P. The Rational Design of Amino Acid Sequences by Artificial Neural Networks and Simulated Molecular Evolution: De Novo Design of an Idealised Leader Peptidase Cleavage-Site. Biophysical Journal 1994, 66, 335-344.

Jones, D.T. De Novo Protein Design using Pairwise Potentials and a Genetic Algorithm. Protein Science 1994, 3, 567-574.

Hellinga, H.W. and Richards, F.M. Optimal Sequence Selection in Proteins of Known Structure by Simulated Evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 1994, 91, 5803-5807.

Blaney, J.M., Dixon, J.S. and Weininger, D. Evolution of Molecules to Fit a Binding Site of Known Structure. Paper presented at the Molecular Graphics Society Meeting on Binding Sites: Characterising and Satisfying Steric and Chemical Restraints, York, U.K., March 1993. (Abstracts of this and other papers presented at this meeting are available from Prof. R.E. Hubbard, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, YO1 5DD, United Kingdom. Email: rod@yorvic.york.ac.uk).

Glen, R.C. Chemical Genesis: A Genetic Algorithm for Automated Drug Design. Paper presented at the Molecular Graphics Society Meeting on Binding Sites: Characterising and Satisfying Steric and Chemical Restraints, York, U.K., March 1993.

Cramer, R.D. POSIT: A Second Generation De Novo Drug Discovery Tool. Paper presented at the Molecular Graphics Society Meeting on Binding Sites: Characterising and Satisfying Steric and Chemical Restraints, York, U.K., March 1993.

PSEUDORECEPTOR MODELING

Vedani, A., Briem, H., Dobler, M., Dollinger, H. and McMasters, D.R. Multiple Conformation and Protonation State Representation in 4D-QSAR: The Neurokinin-1 Receptor System. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, in press.

Schulze-Alexandru, M., Kova, K.A., Vedani, A. Quasi-Atomistic Receptor Surrogates for the 5-HT2A Receptor: A 3D-QSAR Study oon Hallucinogenic Substances. Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. 1999, 18, 548-560.

Vedani, A. and Zbinden, P. Quasi-Atomistic Receptor Modeling: A Bridge Between 3-D QSAR and Receptor Modeling. Pharm. Acta Helv. 1998, 73, 11-18.

Walters, D.E. and Muhammad, T.D. Genetically Evolved Receptor Models (GERM): A Comparison of Evolved Models with Crystallographically Determined Binding Sites. Alfred Benzon Symposium 1998, 42 (Rational Molecular Design in Drug Research), 101-114.

Vedani, A., Dobler, M. and Zbinden, P. Quasi-Atomistic Receptor Surface Models: A Bridge Between 3-D QSAR and Receptor Modeling. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1998, 120, 4471-4477.

Chen, H., Zhou, J. and Xie, G. PARM: A Genetic Evolved Algorithm to Predict Bioactivity. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 243-250.

Chen, H., Ren, T. and Zhou, J. Receptor Mapping used for Predicting Bioactivity. J. Chin. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 6, 149-153.

Chen, H.M., Zhou, J.J., Ren, T.R. and Xie, G.R. PARM: A New QSAR Research Method Based on Genetic Algorithm. Chinese Chem. Letters 1997, 8, 975-978.

Walters, D.E. and Muhammad, T.D. Genetically Evolved Receptor Models (GERM): A Procedure for Construction of Atomic-Level Receptor Site Models in the Absence of a Receptor Crystal Structure. In: Devillers, J. (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 193-210.

Walters, D.E. and Hinds, R.M. Genetically Evolved Receptor Models: A Computational Approach to Construction of Receptor Models. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1994, 37, 2527-2536.

PHARMACOPHORE MAPPING

Jones, G. and Willett, P. GASP: Genetic Algorithm Superimposition Program. IUL Biotechnology Series 2 (Pharmacophore), 2000, 85-106.

Handschuh, S. and Gasteiger, J. Pharmacophores Derived from the 3D Substructure Perception. IUL Biotechnology Series 2 (Pharmacophore), 2000, 431-453.

McFadyen, I.J. et al. The Steroid SC17599 is a Selective mu-Opioid Agonist: Implications for the mu-Opioid Pharmacophore. Mol. Pharmacol. 2000, 58, 669-676.

Handschuh, S. and Gasteiger, J. The Search for the Spatial and Electronic Requirements of a Drug. J. Mol. Modell. 2000, 6, 358-378.

Leherte, L., Meurice, N. and Vercauteren, D.P. Critical Point Representations of Electron Density Maps for the Comparison of Benzodiazepine-Type Ligands. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2000, 40, 816-832.

Miller, M.D., Fluder, E.M., Castonguay, L.A., Culberson, J.C., Mosley, R.T., Prendergast, K., Kearsley, S.K. and Sheridan, R.P. MEGA-SQ: A Method using the SQuEAL Function to Find the Optimal Superposition of Several Quasi-Flexible Molecules. Med. Chem. Res. 1999, 9, 513-534.

Dolata, D.P., Parrill, A.L. and Walters, W.P. CLEW: the Generation of Pharmacophore Hypotheses through Machine Learning. SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research 1998, 9, 53-81.

Handschuh, S., Wagener, M. and Gasteiger, J. Superposition of Three-Dimensional Chemical Structures Allowing for Conformational Flexibility by a Hybrid Method. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 220-232.

Holliday, J.D. and Willett, P. Identification of Common Structural Features in Sets of Ligands Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 1997, 15, 221-232.

Meurice, N., Leherte, L., Vercauteren, D.P., Bourguignon, J.-J. and Wermuth, C.G. Development of a Genetic Algorithm Method Especially Designed for the Comparison of Molecular Models: Application to the Elucidation of the Benzodiazepine Receptor Pharmacophore. In, H. van de Waterbeemd, B. Testa and G. Folkers, Eds., Computer-Assisted Lead Finding and Optimization: Current Tools for Medicinal Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1997; pp. 497-509.

Jones, G., Willett, P. and Glen, R.C. A Genetic Algorithm for Flexible Molecular Overlay and Pharmacophore Elucidation. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 1995, 9, 532-549.

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE HANDLING

Gobbi, A., Poppinger, D. and Rohde, B. Finding Biological Active Compounds in Large Databases. Proc. ECSOC-1/2 1999, 708-722.

Le Bret, C. Exhaustive Isomer Generation Using the Genetic Algorithm. MATCH 2000, 41, 79-97.

Klopman, G., Tu, M. and Fan, B.T. META. Part 4. Prediction of the Metabolism of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Theor. Chem. Acta 1999, 102, 33-38.

Drayton, S.K., Edwards, K., Jewell, N., Turner, D.B., Wild, D.J., Willett, P., Wright, P.M. and Simmons, K. Similarity Searching in Files of Three-Dimensional Chemical Structures: Identification of Bioactive Molecules. Internet Journal of Chemistry 1998, 1. See Journal Website.

Holliday, J.D. and Willett, P. Using a Genetic Algorithm to Identify Common Structural Features in Sets of Ligands. Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling 1998, 15, 221-232.

Wang, T. and Zhou, J. EMCSS: A New Method for Maximal Common Substructure Search. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1997, 37, 828-834.

Wild, D.J. and Willett, P. Field-Based Similarity Searching in Databases of Three-Dimensional Chemical Structures. Proceedings of the International Chemical Information Conference, Nimes, France, 19-22 October, 1997.

Klopmann, G., Tu, M. and Talafous, J. META. 3. A Genetic Algorithm for Metabolic Transform Priorities Optimization. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1997, 37, 329-334.

Wild, D.J. and Willett, P. Similarity Searching in Files of Three-Dimensional Chemical Structures: Alignment of Molecular Electrostatic Potential Fields with a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1996, 36, 159-167.

Le Bret, C. Rebuilding Connectivity Matrices from Two-Atom Fragments Using the Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1996, 36, 678-683.

Jones, G., Willett, P. and Glen, R.C. Genetic Algorithms for Chemical Structure Handling and Molecular Recognition. In: Devillers, J. (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 211-242.

Lushnikov, D.E. and Sello, G. Estimate of Donor and Acceptor Sites Using Alternating Polarity Principle. Application to Pyridine Ring Construction. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1995, 35, 1060-1067.

Luke, B.T. Application of Genetic Methods to Substructure Searches. Paper presented at the 209th ACS National Meeting, Anaheim (CA), U.S.A., April 1995.

Brown, R.D., Jones, G., Willett, P. and Glen, R.C. Matching Two-Dimensional Chemical Graphs Using Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1994, 34, 63-70.

Brown, R.D., Downs, G.M., Jones, G. and Willett, P. Hyperstructure Model for Chemical Structure Handling: Techniques for Substructure Searching. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1994, 34, 47-53.

Wagener, M. and Gasteiger, J. The Determination of Maximal Common Substructures by a Genetic Algorithm: Application in Synthesis Design and for the Structural Analysis of Biological Activity. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1994, 33, 1189-1192.

Hibbert, D.B. Generation and Display of Chemical Structures by Genetic Algorithms. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1993, 19, 35-43.

Fontain, E. Application of Genetic Algorithms in the Field of Constitutional Similarity. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1992, 32, 748-752.

Fontain, E. The Problem of Atom-to-Atom Mapping. An Application of Genetic Algorithms. Analytica Chimica Acta 1992, 265, 227-232.

Linert, W., Margl, P. and Nusterer, E. The Use of Enhanced Operator-machine Interfaces in Computer-aided Molecular Design. Comput. Chem. 1991, 15, 1-10.

QSAR

Cho, S.J. and Hermsmeier, M.A. Genetic Algorithm Guided Selection: Variable Selection and Subset Selection. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2002, 42, in press.

Landavazo, D.G., Fogel, G.B. and Fogel, D.B. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships by Evolved Neural Networks for the Inhibition of Dihydrofolate Reductase by Pyrimidines. Biosystems 2002, 65, 37-47.

Gao, H., Lajiness, M.S. and van Drie, J. Enhancement of Binary QSAR Analysis by a GA-based Variable Selection Method. J. Mol. Graphics Model. 2002, 20, 259-268.

Kauffman, G.W. and Jurs, P.C. QSAR and k-Nearest Neighbor Classification Analysis of Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors Using Topologically-based Numerical Descriptors. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 1553-1560.

Yasri, A. and Hartsough, D. Toward an Optimal Procedure for Variable Selection and QSAR Model Building. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 1218-1227.

Loukas, Y.L. Adaptive Neuro-fuzzy Inference System: An Instant and Architecture Free Predictor for Improved QSAR Studies. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 2772-2783.

Faucon, J.C. et al. Prediction of the Daphnia Acute Toxicity from Heterogeneous Data. Chemosphere 2001, 44, 407-422.

Bassoli, A. et al. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships of Sweet Isovanillyl Derivatives. QSAR 2001, 30, 3-16.

Tropsha, A. and Zheng, W. Identification of the Descriptor Pharmacophores Using Variable Selection QSAR: Applications to Database Mining. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2001, 7, 599-612.

Gramatica, P., Consolaro, F. and Pozzi, S. QSAR Approach to POPs Screening for Atmospheric Persistence. Chemosphere 2001, 43, 655-664.

De Oliveira, D.B. and Gaudio, A.C. BuildQSAR: A New Computer Program for QSAR Analysis. Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. 2001, 19, 599-601.

Lee, K.W. and Briggs, J.M. Comparative Molecular Field Analysis (CoMFA) Study of Epothilones - Tubulin Depolymerization Inhibitors: Pharmacophore Development Using 3D QSAR Methods. J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Des. 2001, 15, 41-55.

Gao, H. Application of BCUT Metrics and Genetic Algorithm to Binary QSAR Analysis. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 402-407.

Gramatica, P., Vighi, M., Consolaro, F., Todeschini, R., Finizio, A. and Faust, M. QSAR Approach for the Selection of Congeneric Compounds with a Similar toxicological Mode of Action. Chemosphere 2001, 42, 873-883.

Daren, Z. QSPR Studies of PCBs by the Combination of Genetic Algorithms and PLS Analysis. Comput. Chem. 2001, 25, 197-204.

Hasegawa, K. and Funatsu, K. Partial Least-Squares Modeling and Genetic Algorithm Optimization in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 2000, 11, 189-209.

Agatonovic-Kustrin, S., Tucker, I.G., Zecevic, M. and Zivanovic, L.J. Prediction of Drug Transfer into Human Milk from Theoretically Derived Descriptors. Anal. Chim. Acta 2000, 418, 181-195.

Cosentino, U., Moro, G., Bonalumi, D., Bonati, L., Lasagni, M., Todeschini, R. and Pitea, D. A Combined Use of Global and Local Approaches in 3D-QSAR. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Sys. 2000, 52, 183-194.

Hoffman, B.T., Kopajtic, T., Katz, J.L. and Newman, A.H. 2D QSAR Modeling and Preliminary Database Searching for Dopamine Transport Inhibitors using Genetic Algorithm Variable Selection of Molconn-Z Descriptors. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 4151-4159.

Borowski, T., Krol, M., Broclawik, E., Baranowski, T.C., Strekowski, L and Mokrosz, M.J. Application of Similarity Matrices and Genetic Neural Networks in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships of 2- or 4-(4-Methylpiperazino)pyrimidines: 5-HT2A Receptor Antagonists. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 1901-1909.

Turner, D.B. and Willett, P. Evaluation of the EVA Descriptor for QSAR Studies: 3. The Use of a Genetic Algorithm to Search for Models with Enhanced Predictive Properties (EVA-GA). J. Comput.-Aided Mol. Des. 2000, 14, 1-21.

Hou, T.J., Liao, N., Lou, H.P. and Xu, X.J. An Enhanced Comparative Molecular Field Analysis Method Using Genetic Algorithm. Chin. Chem. Lett. 1999, 10, 759-762.

Drew, M.G.B., Lumley, J.A. and Price, N.R. Predicting Ecotoxicology of Organophosphorous Insecticides: Successful Parameter Selection with the Genetic Function Algorithm. Quant. Struct.-Act. Relat. 1999, 18, 573-583.

Eldred, D.V. and Jurs, P.C. Prediction of Acute Mammalian Toxicity of Organophosphorus Pesticide Compounds from Molecular Structure. SAR QSAR Environ. Res. 1999, 10, 75-99.

Kulkarni, A.S. and Hopfinger, A.J. Membrane-Interaction QSAR Analysis: Application to the Estimation of Eye Irritation by Organic Compounds. Pharm. Res. 1999, 16, 1245-1253.

Klein, C.D.P., Klingmueller, M., Schellinski, C., Landmann, S., Hauschild, S., Heber, D., Mohr, K. and Hopfinger, A.J. Synthesis, Pharmacological Testing and Biophysical Characterization and Membrane-Interaction QSAR Analysis of Cationic Amphiphilic Model Compounds. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 3874-3888.

Hasegawa, K., Kimura, T. and Fumatsu, K. GA Strategy for Variable Selection in QSAR Studies: Enhancement of Comparative Molecular Binding Energy Analysis by GA-based PLS Method. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 1999, 18, 262-272.

Luke, B.T. Comparison of Three Different QSAR/QSPR Generation Techniques. THEOCHEM 1999, 468, 13-20.

Hou, T.J., Wang, J.M., Liao, N. and Xu, X.J. Applications of Genetic Algorithms on the Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of Some Cinnamamides. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 1999, 39, 775-781.

Hoffmann, B., Cho, S.J., Zheng, W., Wyrick, S., Nichols, D.E., Mailman, R.B. and Tropsha, A. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Modeling of Dopamine D1 Antagonists Using Comparative Molecular Field Analysis, Genetic Algorithms-Partial Least-Squares, and K Nearest Neighbor Methods. J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 3217-3226.

Geyer, H., Ulbig, P. and Schulz, S. Use of Evolutionary Algorithms for the Calculation of Group Contribution Parameters in Order to Predict Thermodynamic Properties. Part 2: Encapsulated Evolution Strategies. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1999, 23, 955-973.

Turner, D.B., Willett, P., Ferguson, A.M. and Heritage, T.W. Development and Validation of the EVA Descriptor for QSAR Studies. In Rational Drug Design: Novel Methodology and Practical Applications, ACS Symposium Series Vol. 719, Parrill, A.L., Reddy, M.R., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington DC; 1999, pp. 312-329.

Faucon, J.C., Bureau, R., Faisant, J., Briens, F. and Rault, S. Prediction of the Fish Acute Toxicity from Heterogeneous Data Coming from Notification Files. Chemosphere 1999, 38, 3261-3276.

Rogers, D. Genetic Function Approximation: Evolutionary Construction of Novel, Interpretable, Non-linear Models of Experimental Data. In Truhlar, D.G., Howe, W.J., Hopfinger, A.J., Blaney, J. and Dammkoehler, R.A. (Eds). Rational Drug Design, Springer, New York, 1999, pp. 163-189.

Manallack, D.T. and Livingstone, D.J. Neural Networks in Drug Discovery: Have they Lived up to their Promise? European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1999, 34, 195-208. (Contains review of GA/NN combinations for QSAR).

Zupan, J. and Novic, M. Optimization of Structure Representation for QSAR Studies. Anal. Chim. Acta 1999, 388, 243-250.

Gramatica, P., Consonni, V. and Todeschini, R. QSAR Study on the Tropospheric Degradation of Organic Compounds. Chemosphere 1999, 38, 1371-1378.

Waller, C.L. and Bradley, M.P. Development and Validation of a Novel Variable Selection Technique with Application to Multidimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Studies. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1999, 39, 345-355.

Li, T., Mei, H. and Cong, P. Combining Nonlinear PLS with the Numeric Genetic Algorithm for QSAR. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1999, 177-184.

Hou, T.J., Wang, J.M. and Xu, X.J. Application of Genetic Algorithms on the Structure-Activity Correlation Study of a Group of Non-nucleoside HIV-1 Inhibitors. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1999, 45, 303-310.

Hasegawa, K., Kimura, T. and Funatsu, K. GA Strategy for Variable Selection in QSAR Studies: Application of GA-Based Region Selection to a 3D-QSAR Study of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1999, 39, 112-120.

Hou, T.J., Wang, J., Li, Y.Y. and Xu, X.J. Application of Genetic Algorithm to the QSAR Research of Pyrrolobenzothiazepinones and Pyrrolobenzoxazepinones: Novel and Specific Non-nucleoside HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors. Chin. Chem. Lett. 1998, 9, 651-654.

Albuquerque, M.G., Hopfinger, A.J., Barriero, E.J. and de Alencastro, R.B. Four Dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Analysis of a Series of Interphenylene 7-oxabicycloheptane Oxazole Thromboxane A2 Receptor Antagonists. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 925-938.

Tominaga, Y. Novel 3-D Descriptors Using Excluded Volume. 2. Application to Drug Classification. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 1157-1160.

Drew, M.G.B., Wilden, G.R.H., Spillane, W.J., Walsh, R.M., Ryder, C.A. and Simmie, J.M. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Sulfamates RNHSO3Na: Distinction Between Sweet, Sweet-Bitter, and Bitter Molecules. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1998, 46, 3016-3026.

Leardi, R. and Gonzalez, A.L. Genetic Algorithms Applied to Feature Selection in PLS Regression: How and When to Use Them. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1998, 41, 195-207.

Wessel, M.D., Jurs, P.C., Tolan, J.W. and Muskal, S.M. Prediction of Human Intestinal Absorption of Drug Compounds from Molecular Structure. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 726-735.

Hasegawa, K. and Funatsu, K. GA Strategy for Variable Selection in QSAR Studies: GAPLS and D-optimal Designs for Predictive QSAR Model. Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 1998, 425, 255-262.

Klein, C.D. and Hopfinger, A.J. Pharmacological Activity and Membrane Interactions of Antiarrhythmics: 4-D QSAR/QSPR Analysis. Pharmaceutical Research 1998, 15, 303-311.

Meurice, N., Leherte, L. and Vercauteren, D.P. Comparison of Benzodiazepine-like Compounds using Topological Analysis and Genetic Algorithms. SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research 1998, 8, 195-232.

Kimura, T., Hasegawa, K. and Funatsu, K. GA Strategy for Variable Selection in QSAR Studies: GA-Based Region Selection for CoMFA Modeling. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 276-282.

Shi, L.M., Fan, Y., Myers, T.G., O'Connor, P.M., Paull, K.D., Friend, S.H., and Weinstein, J.H. Mining the NCI Anticancer Drug Discovery Databases: Genetic Function Approximation for the QSAR Study of Anticancer Ellipticine Analogues. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 189-199.

Tominaga, Y. and Fujiwara, I. Prediction-Weighted Partial Least Squares Regression Method (PWPLS). Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1997, 38, 139-144.

So, S-S. and Karplus, M. Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships from Molecular Similarity Matrices and Genetic Neural Networks. 2. Applications. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1997, 40, 4360-4371.

So, S-S. and Karplus, M. Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships from Molecular Similarity Matrices and Genetic Neural Networks. 1. Method and Validations. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1997, 40, 4347-4359.

Hopfinger, A.J., Wang, S., Tokarski, J.S., Jin, B., Albuquerque, M., Madhav, P.J. and Duraiswami, C. Construction of 3-D QSAR Models Using the 4-D QSAR Formalism. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1997, 119, 10509-10524.

Yoshida, H. and Funatsu, K. Optimization of the Inner Relation Function of QPLS Using Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1997, 37, 1115-1121.

Patel, H.C., Tokarski, J.S. and Hopfinger, A.J. Molecular Modeling of Polymers. 16. Gaseous Diffusion in Polymers: a Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship (QSPR) Analysis. Pharmaceutical Research 1997, 14, 1349-1354.

Pajeva, I.K. and Wiese, M. QSAR and Molecular Modelling of Catamphiphilic Drugs Able to Modulate Multidrug Resistance in Tumors. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 1997, 16, 1-10.

Tokarski, J.S. and Hopfinger, A.J. Prediction of Ligand-Receptor Binding Thermodynamics by Free Energy Force Field (FEFF) 3D-QSAR Analysis: Application to a Set of Renin Inhibitors. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, 1997, 37, 792-811. (Application of GFA).

Hasegawa, K., Miyashita, Y. and Funatsu, K. GA Strategy for Variable Selection in QSAR Studies: GA Based PLS Analysis of Calcium Channel Antagonists. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1997, 37, 306-310.

Devillers, J. and Domine D. Genetic Selection of Test Series. In, H. van de Waterbeemd, B. Testa and G. Folkers, Eds., Computer-Assisted Lead Finding and Optimization: Current Tools for Medicinal Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1997; pp. 109-122.

Kyngas, J. and Valjakka, J. Evolutionary Neural Networks in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships of Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 1996, 15, 296-301.

Rogers, D. Some Theory and Examples of Genetic Function Approximation with Comparison to Evolutionary Techniques. In: Devillers, J. (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 87-108.

Hopfinger, A.J. and Patel, H.C. Application of Genetic Algorithms to the General QSAR Problem and to Guiding Molecular Diversity Experiments. In: Devillers, J. (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 131-158.

So, S.S. and Karplus, M. Evolutionary Optimization in Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship: An Application of Genetic Neural Networks. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1996, 39, 1521-1530.

So, S.S. and Karplus, M. Genetic Neural Networks for Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships: Improvements and Application of Benzodiazepine Affinity for Benzodiazepine/GABA(A) Receptors. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1996, 39, 5246-5256.

Dunn, W.J. and Rogers, D. Genetic Partial Least Squares in QSAR. In: Devillers, J. (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 109-130.

van Helden, S.P., Hamersma, H. and van Geerestein, V.J. Prediction of the Progesterone Receptor Binding of Steroids Using a Combination of Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks. In: Devillers, J. (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 159-192.

Kubinyi, H. Evolutionary Variable Selection in Regression and PLS Analyses. Journal of Chemometrics 1996, 10, 119-133.

Leardi, R. Genetic Algorithms in Feature Selection. In: Devillers, J. (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 67-86.

Tetko, I.V., Tanchuk, V.Y., Vasilijev, S.A., Khilya, V.P., Poda, G.I. and Luik, A.I. Application of an Evolutionary Programming to the Structure-Activity Relationship Studies in the Derivatives of 3-phenoxychromone and Coumarin. BioOrg. Khim. 1995, 21, 809-815.

Wise, B.M., Holt, B.R., Gallagher, N.B. and Lee, S. A Comparison of Neural Networks, Non-Linear Biased Regression and a Genetic Algorithm for Dynamic Model Identification. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1995, 30, 81-89.

Vankeerberghen, P., Smeyersverbeke, J., Leardi, R., Karr, C.L. and Massart, D.L. Robust Regression and Outlier Detection for Non-linear Models using Genetic Algorithms. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1995, 28, 73-87.

Rogers, D. Development of the Genetic Function Approximation Algorithm. In, L.J. Eshelman, Ed., Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc, San Mateo, CA, 1995; pp. 589-596.

Tetko, I.V., Tanchuk, V.Y., Luik, A.I. Application of an Evolutionary Algorithm to the Structure-Activity Relationship. Proc. of 3rd Ann. Conf. on Evol. Program.. A.V. Sebald and L.J. Fogel (Eds.), World Scientific, River Edge, NJ, 1994, pp. 109-119.

Rogers, D. and Hopfinger, A.J. Application of Genetic Function Approximation to Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships and Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1994, 34, 854-866.

Luke, B.T. Evolutionary Programming Applied to the Development of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships and Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1994, 34, 1279-1287.

Kubinyi, H. Variable Selection in QSAR Studies. 1. An Evolutionary Algorithm. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 1994, 13, 285-294.

Kubinyi, H. Variable Selection in QSAR Studies. 2. A Highly Efficient Combination of Systematic Search and Evolution. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 1994, 13, 393-401.

Leardi, R. Application of a Genetic Algorithm to Feature Selection Under Full Validation Conditions and to Outlier Detection. Journal of Chemometrics 1994, 8, 65-79.

Leardi, R., Boggia, R. and Terrile, M. Genetic Algorithms as a Strategy for Feature Selection. J. Chemom. 1992, 6, 267-281.

CHEMOMETRICS AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Lavine, B.K., Davidson, C.E. and Moores, A.J. Innovative Genetic Algorithms for Chemoinformatics. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2002, 60, 161-171.

Nikitas, P. et al. On the Use of Genetic Algorithms for Response Surface Modeling in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and their Combination with the Microsoft Solver. J. Chromatogr. A 2002, 942, 93-105.

Vivo-Truyols, G. et al. A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm with Local Search. II. Continuous Variables: Multibatch Peak Deconvolution. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2001, 59, 107-120.

Vivo-Truyols, G. et al. A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm with Local Search. I. Discrete Variables: Optimization of Complementary Mobile Phases. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2001, 59, 89-106.

Xu, L. and Zhang, W.-J. Comparison of Different Methods for Variable Selection. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 446, 475-481.

Yoshida, H., Leardi, R., Funatsu, K. and Varmuza, K. Feature Selection by Genetic Algorithms for Mass Spectral Classifiers. Anal. Chim. Acta 2001, 446, 483-492.

Cela, R., Martinez, E. and Carro, A.M. Supersaturated Experimental Designs: New Approaches to Building and Using it. Part II: Solving Supersaturated Designs by Genetic Algorithms. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2001, 57, 75-92.

Kemsley, E.K. A Hybrid Classification Method: Discrete Canonical Variate Analysis using a Genetic Algorithm. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 2001, 55, 39-51.

Hageman, J.A., Wehrens, R., de Gelder, R., Leo Meerts, W. and Buydens, L.M.C. Direct Determination of Molecular Constants from rovibronic Spectra with Genetic Algorithms. J. Phys. Chem. 2000, 113, 7955-7962.

Leardi, R. Application of Genetic Algorithm-PLS for Feature Selection in Spectral Data Sets. J. Chemom. 2000, 14, 643-655.

Smith, B.M. and Gemperline, P.J. Wavelength Selection and Optimization of Pattern Recognition Methods Using the Genetic Algorithm. Anal. Chim. Acta 2000, 423, 167-177.

Roger, J.M. and Bellon-Marcel, V. Using Genetic Algorithms to Select Wavelengths in Near-infrared Spectra: Application to Sugar Content Prediction in Cherries. Appl. Spectrosc. 2000, 54, 1313-1320.

Depczynski, U., Frost, V.J. and Molt, K. Genetic Algorithms Applied to the Selection of Factors in Principal Components Regression. Anal. Chem. 2000, 420, 217-227.

Cela, R., Martinez, E. and Carro, A.M. Supersaturated Experimental Designs. New Approaches to Building and Using it. Part I: Building Optimal Supersaturated Designs by Means of Evolutionary Algorithms. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 2000, 52, 167-182.

Vivo-Truyols, G., Torres-Lapasio, J.R. and Garcia-Alvarez-Coque, M.C. Complementary Mobile-Phase Optimization for Resolution Enhancement in High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 2000, 876, 17-35.

Xue, L. and Bajorath, J. Molecular Descriptors for Effective Classification of Biologically Active Compounds Based on Principal Component Analysis Identified by a Genetic Algorithm. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2000, 801-809.

Hervas, C., Algar, J.A. and Silva, M. Correction of Temperature Variations in Kinetic-based Determinations by Use of Pruning Computational Neural Networks in Conjunction with Genetic Algorithms. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2000, 40, 724-731.

Cai, W., Yu, F., Shao, X. and Pan, Z. Resolution of Overlapping Chromatographic Peaks Using a Genetic Algorithm. Anal. Chem. 2000, 33, 373-390.

Balland, L., Estel, L., Cosmao, J-.M. and Mouhab, N. A genetic algorithm with decimal coding for the estimation of kinetic and energetic parameters. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 2000, 50, 121-135.

Shao, X., Chen, Z. and Lin, X. Resolution of Multicomponent Overlapping Chromatogram Using an Immune Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 2000, 50, 91-99.

Dane, A.D., Van Sprang, H.A. and Buydens, L.M.C. A Two-step Approach toward Model-free X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Layered Materials. Anal. Chem. 1999, 4580-4586.

Gramatica, P., Navas, N. and Todeschini, R. Classification of Organic Solvents and Modelling of their Physico-chemical Properties by Chemometric Methods using Different Sets of Molecular Descriptors. Trends Anal. Chem. 1999, 18, 461-471.

Tominaga, Y. Comparative Study of Class Data Analysis with PCA-LDA, SIMCA, PLS, ANNs and k-NN. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1999, 49, 105-115.

Gramatica, P., Navas, N. and Todeschini, R. Classification of Organic Solvents and Modelling of their Physicochemical Properties by Chemometric Methods Using Different Sets of Molecular Descriptors. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 1999, 18, 461-471.

Lavine, B.K., Moores, A. and Helfend, L.K. A Genetic Algorithm for Pattern Recognition Analysis of Pyrolysis Gas Chromatographic Data. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 1999, 50, 47-62.

Shao, X., Yu, Fang, Kou, H., Cai, W. and Pan, Z. A Wavelet-based Genetic Algorithm for Compression and De-noising of Chromatograms. Anal. Lett. 1999, 32, 1899-1915.

Depczynski, U., Jetter, K., Molt, J. and Niemoller, A. Quantitative Analysis of Near-Infrared Spectra by Wavelet Coefficient Regression using a Genetic Algorithm. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1999, 47, 179-187.

Lavine, B.K. and Moores, A.J. Genetic Algorithms in Analytical Chemistry. Anal. Lett. 1999, 32, 433-445.

Meusinger, R. and Moros, R. Determination of Quantitative Structure-Octane Rating Relationships of Hydrocarbons by Genetic Algorithms. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1999, 46, 67-78.

Chen, Z.-P., Jiang, J.-H., Li, Y. and Yu, R.-Q. Nonlinear Mapping using Real-valued Genetic Algorithm. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1999, 45, 409-418.

Terry, D.B. and Messina, M. Heuristic Search Algorithms for the Determination of Rate Constants and Reaction Mechanisms from Limited Concentration Data. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 1232-1238.

Mosley, M. and Williams, R. Determination of the Accuracy and Efficiency of Genetic Regression. Applied Spectroscopy 1998, 52, 1197-1202.

Millan, C.P., Forina, M., Casolino, C. and Leardi, R. Extraction of Representative Subsets by Potential Functions Method and Genetic Algorithms. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1998, 40, 33-52.

Kowar, T.R. Genetic Function Approximation Experimental Design (GFAXD): A New Method for Experimental Design. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 858-866.

Barros, A.S. and Rutledge, D.N. Genetic Algorithm Applied to the Selection of Principal Components. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1998, 40, 65-81.

Arcos, M.J., Alonso, C. and Ortiz, M.C. Genetic-algorithm-based Potential Selection in Multivariant Voltammetric Determination of Indomethacin and Acemethacin by Partial Least Squares. Electrochim. Acta 1998, 43, 479-485.

van Kampen, A.H.C., Ramadan, Z., Mulholland, M., Hibbert, D.B. and Buydens, L.M.C. Learning Classification Rules from an Ion Chromatography Database using a Genetic Algorithm-based Classifier System. Analytica Chimica Acta 1997, 344, 1-16.

Jiang, J.-H., Wang, J.-H., Chu, X. and Yu, R.-Q. Clustering Data using a Modified Integer Genetic Algorithm (IGA). Analytica Chimica Acta 1997, 354, 263-274.

Burden, F.R., Rosewarne, B.S. and Winkler, D.A. Predicting Maximum Bioactivity by Effective Inversion of Neural Networks using Genetic Algorithms. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1997, 38, 127-137.

van den Broek, W.H.A.M., Wienke, D., Melssen, W.J. and Buydens, L.M.C. Optimal Wavelength Selection by a Genetic Algorithm for Discrimination Purposes in Spectroscopic Infrared Imaging. Applied Spectroscopy 1997, 51, 1210-1217.

Sagrario Sanchez, M. and Sarabia, L.A. GINN (Genetic Inside Neural Network): Towards a Non-Parametric Training. Analytica Chimica Acta 1997, 348, 533-542.

de Gracia, J., Saravia, M.L.M.F.S., Araujo, A.N., Lima, J.L.F.C., del Valle, M. and Poch, M. Evaluation of Natural Computation Techniques in the Modeling and Optimization of a Sequential Injection Flow System for Colorimetric Iron(III) Determination. Analytica Chimica Acta 1997, 348, 143-150.

Broadhurst, D., Goodacre, R., Jones, A., Rowland, J.J. and Kell, D.B. Genetic Algorithms as a Method for Variable Selection in Multiple Linear Regression and Partial Least Squares Regression, with Applications to Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 1997, 348, 71-86.

Arcos, M.J., Ortiz, M.C., Villahoz, B. and Sarabia, L.A. Genetic Algorithm-Based Wavelength Selection in Multicomponent Spectrometric Determinations by PLS: Application on Indomethacin and Acemethacin Mixture. Analytica Chimica Acta 1997, 339, 63-77.

Bangalore, A.S., Shaffer, R.E., Small, G.W. and Arnold, M.A. Genetic Algorithm-Based Method for Selecting Wavelengths and Model Size for Use with Partial Least-Squares Regression: Application to Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 1996, 68, 4200-4212.

Shaffer, R.E. and Small, G.W. Genetic Algorithms for the Optimization of Piecewise Linear Discriminants. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1996, 35, 87-104.

Shaffer, R.E., Small, G.W. and Arnold, M.A. Genetic Algorithm-based Protocol for Coupling Digital Filtering and Partial Least-Squares Regression to the Near-Infrared Analysis of Glucose in Biological Matrices. Analytical Chemistry 1996, 68, 2663-2675.

Broudiscou, A., Leardi, R. and Phan-Tan-Luu, R. Genetic Algorithm as a Tool for Selection of D-Optimal Design. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1996, 35, 105-116.

Jouan-Rimbaud, D., Massart, D.L. and de Noord, O.E. Random Correlation in Variable Selection for Multivariate Calibration with a Genetic Algorithm. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1996, 35, 213-220.

Hartnett, M.K., Bos, M., Vanderlinden, W.E. and Diamond, D. Determination of Stability Constants using Genetic Algorithms. Analytica Chimica Acta 1995, 316, 347-362.

Horchner, U. and Kalivas, J.H. Further Investigation on a Comparative Study of Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithm for Wavelength Selection. Analytica Chimica Acta 1995, 311, 1-13.

Jouanrimbaud, D., Massart, D.L., Leardi, R. and Denoord, O.E. Genetic Algorithms as a Tool for Wavelength Selection in Multivariate Calibration. Analytical Chemistry 1995, 67, 4295-4301.

Cong, P. and Li, T. Numeric Genetic Algorithm. Part 1. Theory, Algorithm and Simulated Experiments. Anal. Chim. Acta 1994, 293, 191-203.

Parczewski, A., Lucasius, C.B. and Kateman, G. Evolutionary Determination of Physico-Chemical Parameters and Concentrations of Analytes from Titration Data. Fresenius Journal of Analytical Chemistry 1994, 348, 626-632.

De Weijer, A.P., Lucasius, C.B., Buydens, L., Kateman, G., Heuvel, H.M. and Mannee, H. Curve Fitting Using Natural Computation. Analytical Chemistry 1994, 66, 23-31.

De Weijer, A.P., Lucasius, C.B., Buydens, L., Kateman, G. and Heuvel, H.M. Using Genetic Algorithms for an Artificial Neural Network Model Inversion. Chemom. Intell. Lab. Syst. 1993, 20, 45-55.

Lucasius, C.B., De Weijer, A.P., Buydens, L.M.C. and Kateman, G. CFIT: A Genetic Algorithm for Survival of the Fitting. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1993, 19, 337-341.

Marques, R.M.L., Schoemakers, P.J., Lucasius, C.B. and Buydens, L. Modeling Chromatographic Behavious as a Function of pH and Solvent Composition in RPLC. Chromatographia 1993, 36, 83-95.

Lucasius, C.B., Dane, A.D. and Kateman, G. On k-Medoid Clustering of Large Data Sets with the Aid of a Genetic Algorithm: Background, Feasibility and Comparison. Analytica Chimica Acta 1993, 287, 647-669.

Lucasius, C.B., Beckers, M.L.M. and Kateman, G. Genetic Algorithms in Wavelength Selection: A Comparative Study. Analytica Chimica Acta 1994, 286, 135-153.

Hibbert, D.B. A Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for the Estimation of Kinetic Parameters. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1993, 19, 319-329.

Wienke, D., Lucasius, C., Ehrlich, M. and Kateman, G. Multicriteria Target Vector Optimization of Analytical Procedures Using a Genetic Algorithm. Part 2. Polyoptimization of the Photometric Calibration Graph of Dry Glucose Sensors for Quantitative Clinical Analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 271, 253-268.

Li, T.H., Lucasius, C.B. and Kateman, G. Optimization of Calibration Data with the Dynamic Genetic Algorithm. Anal. Chim. Acta 1992, 268, 123-134.

Kirste, B. Methods for Automated Analysis and Simulation of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectra. Anal. Chim. Acta 1992, 265, 191-200.

Wienke, D., Lucasius, C. and Kateman, G. Multicriteria Target Vector Optimization of Analytical Procedures Using a Genetic Algorithm. Part 1. Theory, Numerical Simulations and Application to Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Anal. Chim. Acta 1992, 265, 211-225.

Lucasius, C.B. and Kateman, G. Genetic Algorithms for Large-scale Optimization in Chemometrics: An Application. Trends Anal. Chem. 1991, 10, 254-261.

Bos, M. and Weber, H.T. Comparison of the Training of Neural Networks for Quantitative X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry by a Genetic Algorithm and Backward Error Propagation. Anal. Chim. Acta 1991, 247, 97-105.

COMBINATORIAL LIBRARIES AND MOLECULAR DIVERSITY

Gillet, V.J., Khatib, W., Willett, P., Fleming, P.J. and Greene, D.V.S. Combinatorial Library Design using a Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2002, 42, 375-385.

Weber, L. Multi-component Reactions and Evolutionary Chemistry. Drug Discovery Today 2002, 7, 143-147.

Chen, L. and Deem, M.W. Monte Carlo Methods for Small Molecule High-throughput Experimentation. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, in press.

Bravi, G., Green, D.V.S., Hann, M.M. and Leach, A.R. PLUMS: a Program for the Rapid Optimization of Focused Libraries. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2000, 40, 1441-1448.

Xue, L., Godden. J.W. and Bajorath, J. Evaluation of Descriptors and Mini-fingerprints for the Identification of Molecules with Similar Activity. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2000, 40, 1227-1234.

Weber, L. and Almstetter, M. Diversity in Very Large Libraries. Mol. Diversity Drug Des. 1999, 93-113.

Illgen, K., Enderle, T., Broger, C. and Weber, L. Simulated Molecular Evolution in a Full Combinatorial LIbrary. Chemistry and Biology 2000, 7, 433-441.

Reynolds, C.H. Designing Diverse and Focused Combinatorial Libraries of Synthetic Polymers. J. Comb. Chem. 1999, 1, 297-306.

Ugi, I., Almstetter, M., Gruber, B. and Heilingbrunner, M. MCR. XII. Efficient Development of New Drugs by Online Optimization of Molecular Libraries. Microreact. Technol. Proc. Int. Conf., 1st, 1998, 190-194. Ed. Ehrfeld, W. Springer, Berlin.

Gillet, V.J., Willett, P., Bradshaw, J. and Green, D.V.S. Selecting Combinatorial Libraries to Optimise Diversity and Physical Properties. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1999, 39, 169-177.

Gobbi, A. and Poppinger, D. Genetic Optimization of Combinatorial Libraries. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1998, 61, 47-53.

Tominaga, Y. Representative Subset Selection Using Genetic Algorithms. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1998, 43, 157-163.

Tominaga, Y. Data Structure Comparison Using Box Counting Analysis. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 867-875.

Brown, R.D. and Clark, D.E. Genetic Diversity: Application of Evolutionary Algorithms to Combinatorial Library Design. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 1998, 8, 1447-1460.

Eliseev, A.V. and Nelen, M.I. Use of Molecular Recognition to Drive Chemical Evolution. 2. Mechanisms of an Automated Genetic Algorithm Implementation. Chemistry: A European Journal 1998, 4, 825-834.

Cho, S.J., Zheng, W. and Tropsha, A. Focus-2D: A New Approach to the Design of Targeted Combinatorial Chemical Libraries. Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing 1998, 4, 305-316.

Weber, L. Applications of Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Diversity. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 1998, 2, 381-385.

Weber, L. Evolutionary Combinatorial Chemistry: Application of Genetic Algorithms. Drug Discovery Today 1998, 3, 379-385.

Cho, S.J., Zheng, W. and Tropsha, A. Rational Combinatorial Library Design. 2. Rational Design of Targeted Combinatorial Peptide Libraries Using Chemical Similarity Probe and the Inverse QSAR Approaches. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 259-268.

Liu, D., Jiang, H., Chen, K. and Ji, R. A New Approach to Design Virtual Combinatorial Library with Genetic Algorithm Based on 3D Grid Property. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 233-242.

Gillet, V.J., Willett, P. and Bradshaw, J. Identification of Biological Activity Profiles Using Substructural Analysis and Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 165-179.

Eliseev, A.V. and Nelen, M.I. Use of Molecular Recognition to Drive Chemical Evolution. 1. Controlling the Composition of an Equilibrating Mixture of Simple Arginine Receptors. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1997, 119, 1147-1148.

Gillet, V.J., Willett, P. and Bradshaw, J. The Effectiveness of Reactant Pools for Generating Structurally-Diverse Combinatorial Libraries. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1997, 37, 731-740.

Brown, R.D. and Martin, Y.C. Designing Combinatorial Library Mixtures Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 1997, 40, 2304-2313.

Lewis, R.A., Good, A.C. and Pickett, S.D. Quantification of Molecular Similarity and Its Application to Combinatorial Chemistry. In, H. van de Waterbeemd, B. Testa and G. Folkers, Eds., Computer-Assisted Lead Finding and Optimization: Current Tools for Medicinal Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1997; pp. 135-156.

Antel, J., Reuter, I. and Schomburg, D. On the Benefits of Attractive Pseudo-Potentials in a Genetic Algorithm for Structure-Based Library Screening. In, H. van de Waterbeemd, B. Testa and G. Folkers, Eds., Computer-Assisted Lead Finding and Optimization: Current Tools for Medicinal Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 1997; pp. 181-188.

Tomandl, D., Schober, A. and Schwienhorst, A. Optimizing Doped Libraries by Using Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 1997, 11, 29-38.

Hopfinger, A.J. and Patel, H.C. Application of Genetic Algorithms to the General QSAR Problem and to Guiding Molecular Diversity Experiments. In: Devillers, J. (Ed.) Genetic Algorithms in Molecular Modelling, Academic Press, 1996, pp. 131-158.

Singh, J., Ator, M.A., Jaeger, E.P., Allen, M.P., Whipple, D.A., Soloweij, J.E., Chowdhary, S. and Treasurywala, A.M. Application of Genetic Algorithms to Combinatorial Synthesis: A Computational Approach to Lead Identification and Lead Optimisation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1996, 118, 1669-1676.

Yokobayashi, Y., Ikebukuro, I., McNiven, S. and Karube, I. Directed Evolution of Trypsin Inhibiting Peptides Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of the Chemical Society - Perkin Transactions 1 1996, 1, 2435-2439.

Holland, J.D., Ranade, S.S. and Willett, P. A Fast Algorithm for Selecting Sets of Dissimilar Molecules from Large Chemical Databases. Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships 1995, 14, 501-506.

Kauffman, S.A. and Macready, W.G. Search Strategies for Applied Molecular Evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology 1995, 173, 427-440.

Sheridan, R.P. and Kearsley, S.K. Using a Genetic Algorithm to Suggest Combinatorial Libraries. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1995, 35, 310-320.

Weber, L., Wallbaum, S., Broger, C. and Gubernator, K. Optimisation of the Biological Activity of Combinatorial Compound Libraries by a Genetic Algorithm. Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English 1995, 34, 2280-2282.

CLUSTER MODELING AND INCLUSION COMPLEXES

Chakraborti, N., De, P.S., and Prasad, R. Genetic Algorithms Based Structure Calculations for Hydrogenated Silicon Clusters. Materials Letters 2002, 55, 20-26.

Buda, C., Burt, S.K., Cundari, T.R. and Shenkin, P.S. De Novo Structural Prediction of Transition Metal Complexes: Application to Technetium. Inorganic Chem. 2002, in press.

Cai, W., Feng, Y., Shao, X. and Pan, X. Optimization of Lennard-Jones Atomic Clusters. THEOCHEM 2002, 579, 229-234.

Zhuang, J., Kojima, T., Zhang, W., Liu, L., Zhao, L. and Li, Y. Structure of Clusters on Embedded-atom-method Metal FCC (111) Surfaces. Phys. Rev. B 2002, 65, 045411/1-045411/6.

Chakraborti, N., Misra, K., Bhatt, P., Barman, N. and Prasad, R. Tight-binding Calculations of Si-H Clusters Using Genetic Algorithms and Related Techniques: Studies using Differential Evolution. J. Phase Equilib. 2001, 22, 525-530.

Joswig, J.-O., Springborg, M. and Seifert, G. Structural and Electronic Properties of Small Titanium-carbon Clusters. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2001, 3, 5130-5134.

Roberts, C. and Johnston, R.L. Investigation of the Structures of MgO Clusters Using a Genetic Algorithm. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2001, 3, 5024-5034.

Zhao, J. Density-functional Study of Structures and Electronic Properties of Cd Clusters. Phys. Rev. A 2001, 64, 043204/1-043204/5.

Wang, G.M., Blaisten-Barojas, E., Roitberg, A.E. and Martin, T.P. Strontium Clusters: Many-body Potential, Energetics, and Structural Transitions. J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 115, 3640-3646.

Zhao, J., Luo, Y. and Wang, G. Tight-binding Study of Structural and Electronic Properties of Silver Clusters. Eur. J. Phys. D 2001, 14, 309-316.

Chaudhury, P., Saha, R. and Bhattacharyya, S.P. Structure and Vibrational Spectroscopy of Halide Ion Hydrates: a Study based on Genetic Algorithm. Chem. Phys. 2001, 270, 277-285.

Luo, Y.H. and Wang, Y. Prediction of the Lowest Energy Structures of Rare-earth Metallic Clusters with a Mobius Inversion Pair Potential. Phys. Rev. A 2001, 64, ???-???.

Xia, B.-Y., Cai, W., Shao, X., Guo, Q., Maigret, B. and Pan, Z. Chiral Recognition Study for the Inclusion Complexes of Amino Acids with alpha-cyclodextrin using a Fast Annealing Evolutionary Algorithm. THEOCHEM 2001, 546, 33-38.

Wang, J., Wang, G., Ding, F., Lee, H., Shen, W. and Zhao, J. Structural Transition of Si Clusters and their Thermodynamics. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2001, 341, 529-534.

Sun, H., Ren, Y. and Wang, G. Structural, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Mixed V13-xRhx (x=0 to 13) Clusters. Phys. Status Solidi B 2001, 225, 301-310.

Cai, W., Xia, B., Shao, X., Guo, Q., Maigret, B. and Pan, Z. Molecular Interactions of Alpha-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes Using a Genetic Algorithm. THEOCHEM 2001, 535, 115-119.

Sun, H., Ren, Y., Luo, Y.-H. and Wang, G. Geometry, Electronic Structure, Magnetism of Rhn (n=9, 13, 15, 17, 19) Clusters. Physica B 2001, 293, 260-267.

Wang, J., Zhao, J., Ding, F., Shen, W., Lee, H. and Wang, G. Thermal Properties of Medium-sized Ge Clusters. Solid State Commun. 2001, 117, 593-598.

Hobday, S. and Smith, R. Applications of Genetic Algorithms in Cluster Optimization. Mol. Simul. 2000, 25, 93-120.

Zhang, W., Liu, L., Zhuang, J. and Li, Y. Lowest-energy Structure of (C60)n Clusters and Thermal Effects. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2000, 62, 8276-8280.

Rata, I., Shvartsburg, A.A., Horoi, M., Frauenheim, T., Siu, K.W.M. and Jackson, K.A. Single-Parent Evolution Algorithm and the Optimization of Si Clusters. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2000, 85, 546-549.

Roberts, C., Johnston, R.L., Wilson, N.T. A Genetic Algorithm for the Structural Optimization of Morse Clusters. Theor. Chem. Acc. 2000, 104, 123-130.

Iwamatsu, M. Global Geometry Optimization of Silicon Clusters Using the Space-Fixed Genetic Algorithm. J. Chem. Phys. 2000, 112, 10976-10983.

Li, T.X., Yin, S.Y., Ji, Y.L., Wang, B.L., Wang, G.H. and Zhao, J.J. A Genetic Algorithm Study on the Most Stable Disordered and Ordered Configurations of Au38-55. Phys. Lett. A 2000, 267, 403-407.

Cai, W.-S., Xia, B.-Y., Shao, X.-G., Guo, Q.-X., Maigret, B. and Pan, Z.-X. Stability and Geometry Prediction for the Inclusion Complexes of Mono- or 1,4-disubstituted Benzenes and Beta-Cyclodextrin Using a Genetic Algorithm. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 319, 708-712.

Chaudhury, P., Bhattacharyya, S.P. and Quapp, W. A Genetic Algorithm-based Technique for Locating First-Order Saddle Point Using a Gradient Dominated Recipe. Chem. Phys. 2000, 253, 295-303.

Poteau, R. and Pastor, G.M. Genetic Algorithms for Determining the Topological Structure of Metallic Clusters. Eur. Phys. J. D 1999, 9, 235-241.

Romero, D., Barron, C. and Gomez, S. The Optimal Geometry of Lennard-Jones Clusters: 148-309. Comput. Phys. Commun. 1999, 123, 87-96.

Qian, J., Stoeckelmann, E. and Hentschke, R. Global Potential Energy Minima of SPC/E Water Clusters without and with Induced Polarization Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Molecular Modelling 1999, 5, 281-286.

Hartke, B. Global Cluster Geometry Optimization by a Phenotype Algorithm with Niches: Location of Elusive Minima, and Low-order Scaling with Cluster Size. J. Comput. Chem. 1999, 20, 1752-1759.

Sun, H.Q., Luo, Y.-H., Zhao, J.J. and Wang, G.H. Structural, Electronic and Magnetic Properties of Small Vanadium Clusters. Phys. Status Solidi B 1999, 215, 1127-1135.

Chakraborti, N., De, P.S. and Prasad, R. A Study of the Si-H System Using Genetic Algorithms and a Tight Binding Approach. Z. Metallkd. 1999, 90, 508-513.

Michaelian, K., Rendon, N. and Garzon, I.L. Structure and Energetics of Ni, Ag, and Au Nanoclusters. Phys. Rev. B. Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1999, 60, 2000-2010.

Morris, J.R., Deaven, D.M., Ho, K.M., Wang, C.Z., Pan, B.C., Wacker, J.G. and Turner, D.E. Genetic Optimization of Atomic Clusters. IMA Vol. Math. Its Appl. 1999, 111 (Evolutionary Algorithms), 167-175.

Luo, Y.-H., Zhao, J., Qiu, S. and Wang, G. Genetic-Algorithm Prediction of the Magic Number Structure of (C60)N Clusters with a First-Principles Interaction Potential. Phys. Rev. B.: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 1999, 59, 14903-14906.

Prasad, R. and Chakraborti, N. Ground State Structures of Small Hydrogenated Silicon Clusters. Met. Mater. Processes 1998, 10, 203-208.

Chaudhury, P. and Bhattacharyya, S.P. Locating Critical Points and Identifying Fragmentation Channels in Noble Gas Clusters by Genetic Algorithm. Indian J. Phys. B 1999, 73B, 191-201.

Chaudhury, P. and Bhattacharyya, S.P. Locating Critical Points on Multi-dimensional Surfaces by Genetic Algorithm: Test Cases Including Normal and Perturbed Argon Clusters. Chem. Phys. 1999, 241, 313-325.

Bokal, D. Evolutionary Algorithms for Cluster Geometry. MATCH 1998, 38, 99-109.

Pullan, W.J. Genetic Operators for a Two-Dimensional Bonded Molecular Model. Computers and Chemistry 1998, 22, 331-338.

Michaelian, K. A Symbiotic Algorithm for Finding the Lowest Energy Isomers of Large Clusters and Molecules. Chemical Physics Letters 1998, 293, 202-208.

Wolf, M.D. and Landman, U. Genetic Algorithms for Structural Cluster Optimization. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 1998, 102, 6129-6137.

Zacharias, C.R., Lemes, M.R. and Dal Pino, A. Combining Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing: A Molecular Geometry Optimization Study. Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 1998, 430, 29-39.

Zeiri, Y. Structure and Dynamics of Cl and Br Ions and Atoms in Xe Clusters. Journal of Physical Chemistry A 1998, 102, 2785-2791.

Ho, K.M., Shvartsburg, A.A., Pan, B., Lu, Z.-Y., Wang, C.-Z., Wacker, J.G., Fye, J.L. and Jarrold, M.F. Structures of Medium-sized Silicon Clusters. Nature 1998, 392, 582-585.

White, R.P., Niesse, J.A. and Mayne, H.R. A Study of Genetic Algorithm Approaches to Global Geometry Optimization of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Clusters. Journal of Chemical Physics 1998, 108, 2208-2218.

Pullan, W.J. Genetic Operators for the Atomic Cluster Problem. Computer Physics Communications 1997, 107, 137-148.

Hobday, S. and Smith, R. Optimisation of Carbon Cluster Geometry Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of the Chemical Society - Faraday Transactions 1997, 93, 3919-3926.

Pullan, W.J. Genetic Operators for the Atomic Cluster Problem. Computer Physics Communications 1997, 107, 137-148.

Pullan, W.J. Structure Prediction of Benzene Clusters Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1997, 37, 1189-1193.

Zieri, Y. Study of the Lowest Energy Structure of Atomic Clusters Using a Genetic Algorithm. Computer Physics Communications 1997, 103, 28-42.

Niesse, J.A. and Mayne, H.R. Global Optimization of Atomic and Molecular Clusters Using the Space-Fixed Modified Genetic Algorithm Method. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1997, 18, 1233-1244.

Pullan, W.J. Energy Minimization of Mixed Argon-Xenon Microclusters Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1997, 18, 1096-1111.

Niesse, J.A. and Mayne, H.R. Minimization of Small Silicon Clusters using the Space-Fixed Modified Genetic Algorithm Method. Chemical Physics Letters 1996, 261, 576-582.

Deaven, D.M., Tit, N., Morris, J.R. and Ho, K.M. Structural Optimization of Lennard-Jones Clusters by a Genetic Algorithm. Chemical Physics Letters 1996, 256, 195-200.

Gregurick, S.K., Alexander, M.H. and Hartke, B. Global Geometry Optimisation of (Ar)(N) and B(Ar)(N) Clusters using A Modified Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Chemical Physics 1996, 104, 2684-2691.

Niesse, J.A. and Mayne, H.R. Global Geometry Optimization of Atomic Clusters using a Modified Genetic Algorithm in Space-Fixed Coordinates. Journal of Chemical Physics 1996, 105, 4700-4706.

Morris, J.R., Deaven, D.M. and Ho, K.M. Genetic-algorithm Energy Minimization for Point Charges on a Sphere. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 53, 1740-1743.

Hartke, B. Global Geometry Optimisation of Clusters using a Growth Strategy Optimized by a Genetic Algorithm. Chemical Physics Letters 1995, 240, 560-565.

Mestres, J. and Scuseria, G.E. Genetic Algorithms: A Robust Scheme for Geometry Optimisations and Global Minimum Structure Problems. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1995, 16, 729-742.

Zeiri, Y. Prediction of the Lowest Energy Structure of Clusters using a Genetic Algorithm. Physical Review E 1995, 51, 2769-2772.

Deaven, D.M. and Ho, K.M. Molecular Geometry Optimisation with a Genetic Algorithm. Physics Review Letters 1995, 75, 288-291.

Maddox, J. Genetics Helping Molecular Dynamics. Nature 1995, 376, 209.

Xiao, Y. and Williams, D.E. Genetic Algorithm: A New Approach to the Prediction of the Structure of Molecular Clusters. Chemical Physics Letters 1993, 215, 17-24.

Hartke, B. Global Geometry Optimisation of Clusters Using Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Physical Chemistry 1993, 97, 9973-9976.

Smith, R.W. Energy Minimization in Binary Alloy Models via Genetic Algorithms. Comput. Physics Communications 1992, 71, 134-146.

PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND SEQUENCE COMPARISON AND DESIGN

Hanada, K., Yokoyama, T. and Shimizu, T. Multiple Sequence Alignment by Genetic Algorithm. Genome Inf. Ser. 2000, 11, 317-318.

Voigt, C.A., Gordon, D.B. and Mayo, S.L. Trading Accuracy for Speed: A Qualitative Comparison of Search Algorithms in Protein Sequence Design. J. Mol. Biol. 2000, 299, 789-803.

Anbarasu, L.A., Narayanasamy, P. and Sundararajan, V. Multiple Molecular Sequence Alignment by Island Parallel Genetic Algorithm. Curr. Sci. 2000, 78, 858-863.

Saustakowski, J.D. and Weng, Z. Protein Structure Alignment Using a Genetic Algorithm. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 2000, 38, 428-440.

Reijmers, T.H., Wehrens, R. and Buydens, L.M.C. Quality Criteria of Genetic Algorithms for Construction of Phylogenetic Trees. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1999, 20, 867-876.

Lehtonen, J.V., Denessiouk, K., May, A.C.W. and Johnson, M.S. Finding Local Structural Similarities Among Families of Unrelated Protein Structures: A Generic Non-linear Alignment Algorithm. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1999, 34, 341-355. (Includes parallel version)

Reijmers, T.H., Wehrens, R., Daeyaert, F.D., Lewi, P.J. and Buydens, L.M.C. Using Genetic Algorithms for the Construction of Phylogenetic Trees: Application to G-Protein Coupled Receptor Sequences. Biosystems 1999, 49, 31-43.

Notredame, C., Holm, L. and Higgins, D.G. COFFEE: An Objective Function for Multiple Sequence Alignments. Bioinformatics 1998, 14, 407-422.

Zhang, C. and Wong, A.K.C. A Genetic Algorithm for Multiple Molecular Sequence Alignment. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 1997, 13, 565-582.

Poirrette, A.R., Artymiuk, P.J., Rice, D.W. and Willett, P. Comparison of Protein Surfaces Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design 1997, 11, 557-569.

Notredame, C. and Higgins, D.G. SAGA: Sequence Alignment by Genetic Algorithm. Nucleic Acids Research 1996, 24, 1515-1524.

Wayama, M., Takahashi, K. and Shimizu, T. An Approach to Amino Acid Sequence Alignment Using a Genetic Algorithm. Genome Inf. Ser. 1995, 6, 122-123.

Matsuda, H. Construction of Phylogenetic Trees from Amino acid Sequences Using a Genetic Algorithm. Genome Inf. Ser. 1995, 6, 19-28.

May, A.C.W. and Johnson, M.S. Improved Genetic Algorithm-Based Protein Structure Comparisons: Pairwise and Multiple Superpositions. Protein Engineering 1995, 8, 873-882.

May, A.C.W. and Johnson, M.S. Protein Structure Comparisons Using a Combination of a Genetic Algorithm, Dynamic Programming and Least-Squares Minimisation. Protein Engineering 1994, 7, 475-485.

Tajima, K. Multiple Sequence Alignment using Parallel Genetic Algorithms. Genome Inf. Ser. 1993, 4, 183-187.

Ishikawa, M., Toya, T., Totoki, Y. and Konagaya, A. Parallel Iterative Aligner with Genetic Algorithm. Genome Inf. Ser. 1993, 4, 84-93.

Schneider, G. and Wrede, P. PROFI - a Tool for the Analysis of Protein Sequence Features using a Simple Artificial Neural Network. Protein Sequences Data Anal. 1993, 5, 419-421.

NMR SPECTROSCOPY

Meiler, J. and Will, M. Genius: A Genetic Algorithm for Automated Structure Elucidation from 13C NMR Spectra. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 1868-1870.

Aires-de-Sousa, J., Hemmer, M.C. and Gasteiger, J. Prediction of 1H NMR Chemical Shifts using Neural Networks. Anal. Chem. 2001, 74, 80-90.

Meiler, J. and Will, M. Automated Structure Elucidation of Organic Molecules from 13C NMR Spectra Using Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, in press.

Inoue, K. et al. Molecular Structures of Related Compounds of Mesogens by 1H NMR using a Liquid Crystal Solvent: Tolan and trans-azobenzene. J. Phys. Chem. A. 2001, 105, 6711-6716.

Adler, M. Modified genetic algorithm resolves ambiguous NOE restraints and reduces unsightly NOE violations. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 2000, 39, 385-394.

Lunati, E., Cofrancesco, P., Villa, M., Marzola, P. and Sbarbati, A. Evolution Strategy Optimization for Adiabatic Pulses in MRI. J. Magn. Reson. 1999, 138, 48-53.

Pearlman, D.A. Automated Detection of Problem Restraints in NMR Data Sets Using the FINGAR Genetic Algorithm Method. Journal of Biomolecular NMR 1999, 13, 325-335.

Lunati, E.,, Cofrancesco, P., Villa, M., Marzola, P. and Osculati, F. Evolution Strategy Optimization for Selective Pulses in NMR. J. Magn. Reson. 1998, 134, 223-235.

Chen, Z., Blandl, T., Prorok, M., Warder, S.E., Li, L., Zhu, Y., Pedersen, L.G., Ni, F. and Castellino, F.J. Conformational Changes in Conantokin-G Induced upon Binding of Calcium and Magnesium as Revealed by NMR Structural Analysis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998, 273, 16248-16258.

Choy, W.Y. and Sanctuary, B.C. Using Genetic Algorithms with a Priori Knowledge for Quantitative NMR Signal Analysis. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1998, 38, 685-690.

Weber, O.M., Duc, C.O., Meier, D. and Boesiger, P. Heuristic Optimization Algorithms Applied to the Quantification of Spectroscopic Data. Magn. Reson. Med. 1998, 39, 723-730.

Warder, S.E., Prorok, M., Chen, Z., Li, L., Zhu, Y., Pedersen, L.G., Ni, F. and Castellino, F.J. The Roles of Individual Gamma-Carboxyglutamate Residues in the Solution Structure and Cation-dependent Properties of Conantokin-T. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998, 273, 7512-7522.

Baylay, M.J., Jones, G., Willett, P. and Williamson, M.P. GENFOLD: A Genetic Algorithm for Folding Protein Structures Using NMR Restraints. Protein Science 1998, 7, 491-499.

van Kampen, A.H.C., Beckers, M.L.M. and Buydens, L.M.C. A Comparative Study of the DG_OMEGA, DGII, and GAT Method for the Structure Elucidation of a Methylene-Acetal Linked Thymine Dinucleotide. Computers and Chemistry 1997, 21, 281-297.

Bartels, C., Guentert, P., Billeter, M. and Wuethrich, K. GARANT: A General Algorithm for Resonance Assignment of Multidimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1997, 18, 139-149.

Beckers, M.L.M., Buydens, L.M.C., Pikkemaat, J.A. and Altona, C. Application of a Genetic Algorithm in the Conformational Analysis of Methylene-Acetal-Linked Thymine Dimers in DNA: Comparison with Distance Geometry Calculations. Journal of Biomolecular NMR 1997, 9, 25-34.

Rigby, A.C., Baleja, J.D., Li, L., Pedersen, L.G., Furie, B.C. and Furie, B. Role of Gamma-Carboxyglutamic Acid in the Calcium-induced Structural Transition of Conantokin G, a Conotoxin from the Marine Snail Conus Geographus. Biochemistry 1997, 36, 15677-15684.

Li, L., Darden, T.A., Freedman, S.J., Furie, B.C., Furie, B., Baleja, J.D., Smith, H., Hiskey, R.G. and Pedersen, L.G. Refinement of the NMR Solution Structure of the Gamma-Carboxyglutamic Acid Domain of Coagulation Factor IX Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation with Initial Ca2+ Positions Determined by a Genetic Algorithm. Biochemistry 1997, 36, 2132-2138.

van Kampen, A.H.C. and Buydens, L.M.C. The Ineffectiveness of Recombination in a Genetic Algorithm for the Structure Elucidation of a Heptapeptide in Torsion Angle Space. A Comparison to Simulated Annealing. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1997, 36, 141-152.

Pearlman, D.A. FINGAR: A New Genetic Algorithm-Based Method for Fitting NMR Data. Journal of Biomolecular NMR 1996, 8, 49-66.

van Kampen, A.H., Buydens, L.M., Lucasius, C.B. and Blommers, M.J. Optimisation of Metric Matrix Embedding by Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Biomolecular NMR 1996, 8, 214-224.

Bartels, C., Billeter, M., Guentert, P. and Wuethrich, K. Automated Sequence-Specific NMR Assignment of Homologous Proteins using the Program GARANT. Journal of Biomolecular NMR 1996, 7, 207-213.

Metzger, G.J., Patel, M. and Hu, X. Application of Genetic Algorithms to Spectral Quantification. Journal of Magnetic Resonance (Series B) 1996, 110, 316-320.

Zimmerman, D.E. and Montelione, G.T. Automated Assignment of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Assignments for Proteins. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1995, 5, 664-673.

Wehrens, R., Lucasius, C., Buydens, L. and Kateman, G. Sequential Assignment of 2D-NMR Spectra of Proteins using Genetic Algorithms. Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences 1993, 33, 245-251.

Wehrens, R., Lucasius, C., Buydens, L. and Kateman, G. HIPS, a Hybrid Self-adapting Expert System for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrum Interpretation using Genetic Algorithms. Anal. Chim. Acta 1993, 277, 313-324.

Xu, P., Xi, L. and Freeman, R. User-friendly Selective Pulses. J. Magn. Reson. 1992, 99, 308-322.

X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHY

Guimeraes, F.F. et al. Global Optimization of Water Clusters (H20)n (11< n < 13) through a Genetic Evolutionary Approach. J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 116, 8327-8333.

Bazterra, V.E., Ferraro, M.B. and Facelli, J.C. Modified Genetic Algorithm to Model Crystal Structures. II. Determination of a Polymorphic Structure of Benzene using Enthalpy Minimization. J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 116, 5992-5995.

Bazterra, V.E., Ferraro, M.B. and Facelli, J.C. Modified Genetic Algorithm to Model Crystal Structures. I. Benzene, Naphthalene and Anthracene. J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 116, 5984-5991.

Habershon, S., Harris, K.D.M., Johnston, R.L., Turner, G.W. and Johnston, J.M. Gaining Insights into the Evolutionary Behaviour in Genetic Algorithm Calculations, with Applications in Structure Solution from Powder Diffraction Data. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2002, 353, 185-194.

Schneider, T.R. A Genetic Algorithm for the Identification of Conformationally Invariant Regions in Protein Molecules. Acta Cryst. D: Biol. Cryst. 2002, 58, 195-208.

Harris, K.D.M. Structure Determination of Molecular Crystals Directly from Powder Diffraction Data. Rigaku J. 2001, 18, 23-32.

Harris, K.D.M. et al. Structure Solution of Molecular Crystals from Powder Diffraction Data using Genetic Algorithms: Opportunities in Academic and Industrial Research. Mater. Sci. Forum 2001, 378-381, 38-46.

Tedesco, E. et al. Structure Determination of 4,4'-trimethylenedipyridine from Powder Diffraction Data. Mater. Sci. Forum 2001, 378-381, 784-788.

Kissinger, C.R., Gehlhaar, D.K., Smith, B.A. and Bouzida, D. Molecular Replacement by Evolutionary Search. Acta Cryst. Sect. D 2001, 57, 1474-1479.

Tedesco, E., Harris, K.D.M., Johnston, R.L., Turner, G.W., Raja, K.M.P. and Balaram, P. Ab Initio Structure Determination of a Peptide beta-turn from Powder X-ray Diffraction Data. Chem. Commun. 2001, 16, 1460-1461.

Webster, G. and Hilgenfeld, R. An Evolutionary Computational Approach to the Phase Problem in Macromolecular X-ray Crystallography. Acta Cryst. Sect. A 2001, 57, 351-358.

Motherwell, W.D.S. Crystal Structure Prediction and the Cambridge Structural Database. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sect A 2001, 356, 559-567.

Kariuki, B.M., Harris, K.D.M. and Johnston, R.L. Solving Crystal Structures from Powder Diffraction Data using Genetic Algorithms. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sect A 2001, 356, 469-481.

Miller, S.T., Hogle, J.M. and Filman, D.J. Ab Initio Phasing of High-Symmetry Macromolecular Complexes: Successful Phasing of Authentic Poliovirus Data to 3.0 Angstrom Resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 2001, 307, 499-512.

Ulyanenkov, A., Omote, K. and Harada, J. The Evaluation of Structure Parameters of a Mo/Si Superlattice Using X-ray Scattering Data and a Genetic Algorithm. Adv. X-ray Anal. 2000, 43, 216-222.

Chacon, P., Moran, F., Diaz, J.F., Pantos, E. and Andreu, J.M. A Genetic Algorithm for Low Resolution Protein Structure Determination. J. Chem. Soc. Pak. 1999, 21, 259-267.

Chacon, P., Diaz, J.F., Moran, F. and Andreu, J.M. Reconstruction of Protein Form with X-ray Solution Scattering and a Genetic Algorithm. J. Mol. Biol. 2000, 299, 1309-1322.

Mukoyama, T. Analysis of X-ray Spectra by Genetic Algorithm. Int. J. PIXE 1999, 9, 111-123.

Turner, G.W., Tedesco, E., Harris, K.D.M., Johnston, R.L. and Kariuki, B.M. Implementation of Lamarckian Concepts in a Genetic Algorithm for Structure Solution from Powder Diffraction Data. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2000, 321, 183-190.

Ulyanenkov, A., Omote, K. and Harada, J. The Genetic Algorithm: Refinement of X-ray Reflectivity Data from Multilayers and Thin Films. Physica B 2000, 283, 237-241.

Wormington, M. Panaccione, C., Matney, K.M. and Bowen, K.D. Characterization of Structures from X-ray Scattering Data Using Genetic Algorithms. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 1999, 357, 2827-2848.

Harris, K.D.M., Johnston, R.L. and Kariuki, B.M. An Evolving Technique for Powder Structure Solution: Fundamentals and Applications of the Genetic Algorithm. An. Quim. Int. Ed. 1998, 94, 410-416.

Kariuki, B.M., Psallidas, K., Harris, K.D.M., Johnston, R.L., Lancaster, R.W., Staniforth, S.E. and Cooper, S.M. Structure Determination of a Steroid Directly from Powder Diffraction Data. Chem. Commun. 1999, 17, 1677-1678.

Motherwell, S.W.D. Crystal Structure Prediction and the Cambridge Structural Database. Nova Acta Leopold. 1999, 79, 89-98.

Woodley, S.M., Battle, P.D., Gale, J.D. and Catlow, C.R.A. The Prediction of Inorganic Crystal Structures using a Genetic Algorithm and Energy Minimisation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1999, 1, 2535-2542.

Kariuki, B.M., Belmonte, S.A., McMahon, M.I., Johnston, R.L., Harris, K.D.M. and Nelmes, R.J. A New Approach for Indexing Powder Diffraction Data Based on Whole Profile Fitting and Global Optimization Using a Genetic Algorithm. J. Synchrotron Radiat. 1999, 6, 87-92.

Kariuki, B., Calcagno, P., Harris, K.D.M., Philp, D. and Johnston, R.L. Evolving Opportunities in Structure Solution from Powder Diffraction Data - Crystal Structure Determination of a Molecular System with Twelve Variable Torsion Angles. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. Engl. 1999, 36, 831-835.

Harris, K.D.M. New Approaches for Solving Crystal Structures from Powder Diffraction Data. J. Chin. Chem. Soc. 1999, 46, 23-34.

Kissinger, C.R., Gehlhaar, D.K. and Fogel, D.B. Rapid Automated Molecular Replacement by Evolutionary Search. Acta Crystallographica 1999, D55, 484-491.

Kariuki, B.M., Johnston, R.L., Harris, K.D.M., Psallidas, K., Ahn, S. and Serrano-Gonzalez, H. Application of a Genetic Algorithm in Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction Data. MATCH 1998, 38, 125-135.

Harris, K.D.M., Johnston, R.L. and Kariuki, B.M. The Genetic Algorithm: Foundations and Applications in Structure Solution from Powder Diffraction Data. Acta Crystallographica Section A: Foundation of Crystallography 1998, A54, 632-645.

Chacon, P., Moran, F., Diaz, J.F., Pantos, E. and Andreu, J.M. Low-resolution Structures of Proteins in Solution Retrieved from X-ray Scattering with a Genetic Algorithm. Biophysical Journal 1998, 74, 2760-2775.

Shankland, K., David, W.I.F., Csoka, T. and McBride, L. Structure Solution of Ibuprofen from Powder Diffraction Data by the Application of a Genetic Algorithm Combined with Prior Conformational Analysis. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 1998, 165, 117-126.

Landree, E., Collazo-Davila, C. and Marks, L.D. Multi-solution Genetic Algorithm Approach to Surface Structure Determination using Direct Methods. Acta Crystallographica Section B: Structural Science 1997, 53, 916-922.

Kariuki, B.M., Serrano-Gonzalez, H., Johnston, R.L. and Harris, K.D.M. The Application of a Genetic Algorithm for Solving Crystal Structures from Powder Diffraction Data. Chemical Physics Letters 1997, 280, 189-195.

Shankland, K., David, W.I.F. and Csoka, T. Crystal Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction Data by the Application of a Genetic Algorithm. Z. Krystallogr. 1997, 212, 550-552.

Chang, G. and Lewis, M. Molecular Replacement Using Genetic Algorithms. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography 1997, 53, 279-289.

Miller, S.T., Hogel, J.M. and Filman, D.J. A Genetic Algorithm for the Ab Initio Phasing of Icosahedral Viruses. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography 1996, 52, 235-251.

Tam, K.Y. and Compton, R.G. GAMATCH: A Genetic Algorithm-Based Program for Indexing Crystal Faces. Journal of Applied Crystallography 1995, 28, 640-645.

Bush, T.S., Catlow, C.R.A. and Battle, P.D. Evolutionary Programming Techniques for Predicting Inorganic Crystal Structures. Journal of Materials Chemistry 1995, 5, 1269-1272.

Chang, G. and Lewis, M. Using Genetic Algorithms for Solving Heavy Atom Sites. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography 1994, 50, 667-674.

de Haan, V.-O. and Drijkoningen, G.G. Genetic Algorithms Used in Model Finding and Fitting for Neutron Reflection Experiments. Physica B 1994, 198, 24-26.

WATER SITE PREDICTION

Raymer, M.L., Punch, W.F., Goodman, E.D., Sanschagrin, P.C. and Kuhn, L.A. Simultaneous Feature Scaling and Selection using a Genetic Algorithm. In Baeck, T. (Ed.) Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 1997; pp. 561-567.

Raymer, M.L., Sanschagrin, P.C, Punch, W.F., Venkataraman, S., Goodman, E.D. and Kuhn, L.A. Predicting Conserved Water-Mediated and Polar Ligand Interactions in Proteins Using a K-nearest-neighbors Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Molecular Biology 1997, 265, 445-464.

PARAMETER DEVELOPMENT AND POTENTIAL ENERGY SURFACE OPTIMIZATION FOR MM, SEMI-EMPIRICAL AND QM CALCULATIONS

Brothers, E.N. and Merz, K.M. Sodium Parameters for AM1 and PM3 Optimised using a Genetic Algorithm. J. Phys. Chem. 2002, in press.

Strassner, T., Busold, M. and Radrich, H. FFGenerAtor 2.0: An Automated Tool for the Generation of MM3 Force Field Parameters. J. Mol. Model. 2001, 7, 374-377.

Strassner, T., Busold, M. and Herrmann, W.A. MM3 Parameterisation of Four- and Five-coordinated Rhenium Complexes by a Genetic Algorithm - Which Factors Influence the Optimization Performance? J. Comput. Chem. 2002, 23, 282-290.

Wang, J. and Kollman, P.A. Automatic Parameterization of Force Field by Systematic Search and Genetic Algorithms. J. Comput. Chem. 2001, 22, 1219-1228.

Cundari, T.R. and Fu, W. Genetic Algorithm Optimization of a Molecular Mechanics Forcefield for Technetium. Inorg. Chim. Acta. 2000, 300-302, 113-124.

Cundari, T., Deng, J. and Fu, W. PM3(tm) Parameterization Using Genetic Algorithms. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2000, 77, 421-432.

Chaudhury, P. and Bhattacharyya, S.P. Stochastic Construction of Reaction Paths: A Genetic Algorithm-based Approach. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 2000, 76, 161-168.

Chaudhury, P. and Bhattacharyya, S.P. Bound States in Screened and Bare Coulomb Potentials: A Non-orthogonal CI-based Route to Effective Hamiltonians for Two-electron Systems. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 1999, 74, 153-161.

Horinek, D. and Dick, B. The Potential Energy Surface of the Six Lowest Singlet States of HOCl: Global Optimization of Parameters for an Extended Anti-Morse Function and a Diatomics-in-Molecules (DIM) Model. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 1999, 1, 2667-2674.

Villa, J., Corchado, J.C., Gonzalez-Lafont, A., Lluch, J.M. and Truhlar, D.G. Variational Transition State Theory with Optimized Orientation of the Dividing Surface and Semiclassical Tunnelling Calculations for Deuterium and Muonium Kinetic Isotope Effects in the Free Radical Association Reaction H + C2H4 -> C2H5. J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 5061-5074.

Chuang, Y.-Y., Radhakrishnan, M.L., Fast, P.L., Cramer, C.J. and Truhlar, D.G. Direct Dynamics for Free Radical Kinetics in Solution: Solvent Effect on the Rate Constant for the Reaction of Methanol with Atomic Hydrogen. J. Phys. Chem. A 1999, 103, 4893-4909.

Hunger, J. and Huttner, G. Optimization and Analysis of Force Field Parameters by Combination of Genetic Algorithms and Neural Networks. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1999, 20, 455-471.

Villa, J., Corchado, J.C., Gonzalez-Lafont, A., Lluch, J.M. and Truhlar, D.G. The Explanation of Deuterium and Muonium Kinetic Isotope Effects for a Hydrogen Atom Addition to an Olefin. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 12141-12142.

Hunger, J., Beyreuther, S., Huttner, G., Allinger, K., Radelof, U. and Zsolnai, L. How to Derive Force Field Parameters by Genetic Algorithms. Modeling tripod-Mo(CO)3 Compounds as an Example. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry 1998, 6, 693-702.

Hutter, M.C., Reimers, J.R and Hush, M.S. Modeling the Bacterial Photosynthetic Reaction Center. 1. Magnesium Parameters for the Semiempirical AM1 Method Developed Using a Genetic Algorithm. Journal of Physical Chemistry B 1998, 102, 8080-8090.

Bash, P.A., Ho, L.L., MacKerell, A.D., Levine, D. and Hallstrom, P. Progress Towards Chemical Accuracy in the Computer Simulation of Condensed Phase Reactions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996, 93, 3698-3703.

Rossi, I. and Truhlar, D.G. Parameterization of NDDO Wavefunctions using Genetic Algorithms: An Evolutionary Approach to Parameterising Potential Energy Surfaces and Direct Dynamics Calculations for Organic Reactions. Chemical Physics Letters 1995, 233, 231-236.

PROTEIN SECONDARY STRUCTURE PREDICTION

Moereels, H., Lewi, P.J., Daeyart, F., Schenck, E. and Janssen, P.A. The Alpha and Omega of G-protein Coupled Receptors: A Novel Method for Classification. Part 2: Bin Classification. Receptors Channels 1997, 5, 139-148.

Vivarelli, F., Giusti, G., Villani, M., Campanini, R., Fariselli, P., Compiani, M., and Casadio, R. LGANN: A Parallel System Combining a Local Genetic Algorithm and Neural Networks for the Prediction of Secondary Structure of Proteins. Computer Applications in the Biosciences 1995, 11, 253-260.

DATA MINING

Li, L., Darden, T.A., Weinberg, C.R., Levine, A.J. and Pedersen, L.G. Gene Assessment and Sample Classification for Gene Expression Data using a Genetic Algorithm/k-nearest Neighbour Method. Comb. Chem. HTS 2001, 4, 719-725.

Cundari, T. and Russo, M. Database Mining using Soft Computing Techniques. An Integrated Neural Network-Fuzzy Logic-Genetic Algorithm Approach. J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci. 2001, 41, 281-287.

Laurikkala, J., Juhola, M., Lammi, S. and Viikki, K. Comparison of Genetic Algorithms and Other Classification Methods in the Diagnosis of Female Urinary Incontinence. Methods Inf. Med. 1999, 38, 125-131.

Ngan, P.S., Wong, M.L., Lam, W., Leung, K.S. and Cheng, J.C. Medical Data Mining using Evolutionary Computation. Artif. Intell. Med. 1999, 16, 73-96.

GENETIC PROGRAMMING

Gilbert, R.J., Rowland, J.J. and Kell, D. B. (2000). Genomic computing: explanatory modelling for functional genomics. In Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO-2000) (ed. D. Whitley, D. Goldberg, E. Cantu-Paz, L. Spector, I. Parmee and H.-G. Beyer), pp. 551-557. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco.

Johnson, H.E., Gilbert, R.J., Winson, M.K., Goodacre, R., Smith, A.R., Rowland, J.J., Hall, M.A. & Kell, D.B. (2000). Explanatory analysis of the metabolome using genetic programming of simple, interpretable rules. Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines 1(3), 243-258

Goodacre, R., Shann, B., Gilbert, R.J., Timmins, E.M., McGovern, A.C., Alsberg, B.K., Kell, D.B. & Logan, N.A. (2000) The detection of the dipicolinic acid biomarker in Bacillus spores using Curie-point pyrolysis mass spectrometry and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry 72, 119-127

Goodacre, R. and Gilbert, R.J. The Detection of Caffeine in a Variety of Beverages using Curie-point Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry and Genetic Programming. Analyst 1999, 124, 1069-1074.

Woodward, A.M., Gilbert, R.J. and Kell, D.B. Genetic Programming as an Analytical Tool for Non-linear Dielectric Spectroscopy. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 1999, 48, 389-396.

Hiden, H.G., Willis, M.J., Tharn, M.T. and Montague, G.A. Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis Using Genetic Programming. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1999, 23, 413-425.

Gilbert, R.J., Johnson, H.E., Winson, M.K., Rowland, J.J., Goodacre, R., Smith, A.R., Hall, M.A. & Kell, D.B. (1999) Genetic programming as an analytical tool for metabolome data. In EuroGP '99 Late-Breaking Papers: Technical Report SEN-R9913 (Eds. Langdon, W.B., Poli, R., Nodin, P. & Fogarty, T.), pp. 23-33. Software Engineering, CWI, Amsterdam.

R. Goodacre; B. Shann; R.J. Gilbert; É.M. Timmins; A.C. McGovern; B.K. Alsberg; N.A. Logan and D.B. Kell, The characterisation of Bacillus species from PyMS and FT IR data. In Proceedings of the 1997 ERDEC Scientific Conference on Chemical and Biological Defense Research. ERDEC-SP-063, Aberdeen Proving Ground (1999).

Yamaguchi, K. and Del Carpio, C.A. A Genetic Programming Based System for the Prediction of Secondary and Tertiary Structures of RNA. Genome Inf. Ser. 1998, 9, 382-383.

Jones, A., Young, D., Taylor, J., Kell, D.B. & Rowland, J.J. (1998) Quantification of microbial productivity via multi-angle light scattering and supervised learning. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 59, 131-143.

R.J. Gilbert; R. Goodacre; B. Shann; J. Taylor; J.J. Rowland and D.B. Kell, Genetic Programming-Based Variable Selection for High-Dimensional Data, Genetic Programming 1998: Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference (J.R. Koza et al., eds.), Morgan Kaufmann (1998).

J. Taylor; M.K. Winson; R. Goodacre; R.J. Gilbert; J.J. Rowland and D.B. Kell, Genetic Programming in the Interpretation of Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectra: Quantification of Metabolites of Pharmaceutical Importance, Genetic Programming 1998: Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference (J.R. Koza et al., eds.), Morgan Kaufmann, San Fransisco CA (1998).

Taylor, J., Goodacre, R., Wade, W.G., Rowland, J.J. and Kell, D.B. The Deconvolution of Pyrolysis Mass Spectra Using Genetic Programming: Application to the Identification of Some Eubacterium Species. FEMS Microbiology Letters 1998, 160, 237-246.

Gilbert, R.J., Goodacre, R., Woodward, A.M. and Kell, D.M. Genetic Programming: A Novel Method for the Quantitative Analysis of Pyrolysis Mass Spectral Data. Analytical Chemistry 1997, 69, 4381-4389.

Koza, J.R. Classifying Protein Segments as Transmembrane Domains Using Genetic Programming and Architecture-Altering Operations. In: Baeck, T., Fogel, D.B. and Michalewicz, Z. (Eds) Handbook of Evolutionary Computation. OUP/IOP, 1997, Section G6.1.

Raymer, M.L., Punch, W.F., Goodman, E.D. and Kuhn, L.A. Genetic Programming for Improved Data Mining: Application to the Biochemistry of Protein Interactions. In Koza, J.R., Goldberg, D.E., Fogel, D.B. and Riolo, R.L. (Eds) Genetic Programming 1996: Proceedings of the First Annual Conference, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1996; pp. 375-380.

Nachbar, R.B. Genetic Programming. The Mathematica Journal 1995, 5, 36-47.

Handley, S. Automated Learning of a Detector for Alpha-Helices in Proteins via Genetic Programming. In, S. Forrest, Ed., Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc, San Mateo, CA, 1993; pp. 271-278.

HYBRID AND PARALLEL ALGORITHMS

Cai, W. and Shao, X. A Fast Annealing Evolutionary Algorithm for Global Optimization. J. Comput. Chem. 2002, 4, 427-435.

Cao, H., Yu, J., Kang, L., Yang, H., and Ai, X. Modeling and Prediction for Discharge Lifetime of Battery Systems Using Hybrid Evolutionary Algorithms. Comput. Chem. 2001, 25, 251-259.

Davin, A., Azzaro-Pantel, C., Floquet, P., Piboleau, L. and Domenech, S. Convergence Refinement of Stochastic Optimization by Coupling a Genetic Algorithm and a Simulated Annealing Procedure. Computer-Aided Chem. Eng. 2000, 8, 493-498.

Cai, W., Wang, L., Pan, Z. and Shao, X. Analysis of Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectra Using Annealing Evolutionary Algorithms. Anal. Commun. 1999, 36, 313-315.

Hanagandi, V. and Nikalaou, M. A Hybrid Approach to Global Optimization using a Clustering Algorithm in a Genetic Search Framework. Comput. Chem. Eng. 1998, 22, 1913-1925.

Xaiotu, Z., Huiying, Z. and Haibo, Z. Robust Gray Model Based on Genetic Algorithms and Its Application to the Prediction for Chromatographic Retention. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1998, 44, 201-207.

Zacharias, C.R., Lemes, M.R. and Dal Pino, A. Combining Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing: A Molecular Geometry Optimization Study. Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 1998, 430, 29-39.

Torres, F.M., Agichtein, E., Grinberg, L., Guowei, Y. and Topper, R.Q. A Note on the Application of the Boltzmann Simplex Simulated Annealing Algorithm to Global Optimizations of Argon and Water Clusters. Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 1997, 419, 85-95.

Kvasnicka, V. and Pospichal, J. A Hybrid of Simplex Method and Simulated Annealing. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1997, 39, 161-173.

Ali, M.M. and Storey, C. Aspiration Based Simulated Annealing Algorithm. Journal of Global Optimization 1997, 11, 181-191.

Vigo, D. and Maniezzo, V. A Genetic/Tabu Thresholding Hybrid Algorithm for the Process Allocation Problem. Journal of Heuristics 1997, 3, 91-110.

Laporte, G., Potvin, J.-Y. and Quilleret, F. A Tabu Search Heuristic Using Genetic Diversification for the Clustered Traveling Salesman Problem. Journal of Heuristics 1997, 2, 187-200.

Michalewicz, Z. Heuristic Methods for Evolutionary Computation Techniques. Journal of Heuristics 1996, 1, 177-206.

Myung, H. and Kim, J.H. Hybrid Evolutionary Programming for Heavily Constrained Problems. Biosystems 1996, 38, 29-43.

Mahfoud, S.W. and Goldberg, D.E. Parallel Recombinative Simulated Annealing: A Genetic Algorithm. Parallel Computing 1995, 21, 1-28.

Varanelli, J.M. and Cohoon, J.P. Population-Oriented Simulated Annealing: A Genetic/Thermodynamic Hybrid Approach to Optimization. In, L.J. Eshelman, Ed., Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers Inc, San Mateo, CA, 1995; pp. 174-181.

Pal, K.F. Genetic Algorithm with Local Optimisation. Biological Cybernetics 1995, 73, 335-341.

Cantu-Paz, E. A Summary of Research on Parallel Genetic Algorithms. IlliGAL Report No 95007, July 1995. Available from IlliGAL Publications Archive.

Montoya, F. and Dubois, J.M. Darwinian Adaptive Simulated Annealing. Europhysics Letters 1993, 22, 79-84.

OTHER NEW ALGORITHMS

Lomaka, A. and Karelson, M. A Pivot Algorithm for Generating Lowest Energy Structures of Peptides. Chem. Phys. Lett. 2001, 346, 322-328.

Morales, L.B., Garduno-Juarez, R., Aguilar-Alvarado, J.M. and Riveros-Castro, F.J. A Parallel Tabu Search for Conformational Energy Optimization of Oligopeptides. J. Comput. Chem. 2000, 21, 147-156.

Choi, S. H., Hong, S.D. and Jhon, M.S. Taboo-based Monte Carlo Search as a Method to Improve Sampling Efficiency. Molecular Simulation 1999, no page info yet.

Rosin, C.D., Belew, R.K., Walker, W.L., Morris, G.M., Olson, A.J. and Goodsell, D.S. Coevolution and Subsite Decomposition for the Design of Resistance-Evading HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors. Journal of Molecular Biology 1999, 287, 77-92.

Rosin, C.D., Belew, R.K., Morris, G.M., Olson, A.J. and Goodsell, D.S. Coevolutionary Analysis of Resistance-Evading Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of HIV-1 Protease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 1999, 96, 1369-1374.

Baxter, C.A., Murray, C.W., Clark, D.E., Westhead, D.R. and Eldridge, M.D. Flexible Docking Using Tabu Search and an Empirical Estimate of Binding Affinity. Proteins: Structure, Function and Genetics 1998, 33, 367-382.

Leutner, M., Gschwind, R.M., Liermann, J., Schwarz, C., Gemmecker, G. and Kessler, H. Automated Backbone Assignment of Labeled Proteins using the Threshold Accepting Algorithm. Journal of Biomolecular NMR 1998, 11, 31-43.

Storn, R. and Price, K. Differential Evolution: A Simple and Efficient Heuristic for Global Optimisation over Continuous Spaces. Journal of Global Optimization 1997, 11, 341-359.

Pardalos, P.M., Liu, X. and Xue, G.L. Protein Conformation of a Lattice Model Using Tabu Search. Journal of Global Optimization 1997, 11, 55-68.

Stanton, A.F., Bleil, R.E. and Kais, S. A New Approach to Global Minimization. Journal of Computational Chemistry 1997, 18, 594-599.

Cvijovic, D. and Klinowski, J. Taboo Search: An Approach to the Multiple Minimum Problem. Science 1995, 267, 664-666.

Hong, S.D. and Jhon, M.S. Restricted Random Search Method based on Taboo Search in the Multiple Minima Problem. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1995, 267, 422-426.

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MISCELLANEOUS

Hoh, C., Dudziak, G. and Liese, A. Optimization of the Enzymatic Synthesis of O-glycan Core 2 Structure by Use of a Genetic Algorithm. BioOrg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2002, 12, 1031-1034.

Saha, R., Chaudhury, P. and Battacharyya, S.P. Direct Solution of the Schrodinger Equation by Genetic Algorithm: Test Cases. Physics Letters A 2001, 291, 397-406.

Katoh, K., Kuma, K. and Miyata, T. Genetic Algorithm-based Maximum-likelihood Analysis for Molecular Phylogeny. J. Mol. Evol. 2001, 53, 477-484.

Dandekar, T., Du, F., Schirmer, R.H. and Schmidt, S. Medical Target Prediction from Genome Sequence: Combining Different Sequence Analysis Algorithms with Expert Knowledge and Input from Artificial Intelligence Approaches. Comput. Chem. 2001, 26, 15-21.

Sugawara, M. Numerical Solution of the Schrodinger Equation by Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm. Comput. Phys. Commun. 2001, 140, 366-380.

Stefanini, F.M. and Camussi, A. The Reduction of Large Molecular Profiles to Informative Components using a Genetic Algorithm. Bioinformatics 2000, 16, 923-931.

Lilichenko, M. and Kelley, A.M. Application of Artificial Neural Networks and Genetic Algorithms to Modeling Molecular Electronic Spectra in Solution. J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 114, 7094-7102.

Cai, W., Xia, B., Shao, X., Guo, Q., Maigret, B. and Pan, Z. Molecular Interactions of alpha-cyclodextrin Complexes using a Genetic Algorithm. THEOCHEM 2001, 535, 115-119.

Stefanini, F.M. and Camussi, A. The Reduction of Large Molecular Profiles to Informative Components using a Genetic Algorithm. Bioinformatics 2000, 16, 923-931.

Zhang, X.-Q., Zeng, Y.H., Zheng, J.B. and Gao, H. Nested Genetic Algorithm for Resolving Overlapped Spectral Bands. Chin. Chem. Lett. 2000, 11, 603-604.

Makarov, D.E. and Metiu, H. Using Genetic Programming to Solve the Schrodinger Equation. J. Phys. Chem. A 2000, 104, 8540-8545.

Steiner, K., Lottermoser, W. and Schell, T. A Time-minimizing Hybrid Method for Fitting Complex Mossbauer Spectra. Phys. Chem. Miner. 1999, 27, 34-40.

Kuttler, C., Nussbaum, A.K., Dick, T.P., Rammensee, H.-G., Schild, H. and Hadeler, K.-P. An Algorithm for the Prediction of Proteasomal Cleavages. J. Mol. Biol. 2000, 298, 417-429.

Haftka, R.T. Genetic Algorithms for Optimization of Composite Laminates. NATO Sci. Ser., Ser. E. 1999, 361, 431-442.

Tmej, C., Chiba, P., Schaper, K.-J., Ecker, G. and Fleischhacker, W. Artificial Neural Networks as Versatile Tools for Prediction of MDR-modulatory Activity. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1999, 457, 95-105.

Brunetti, A. A Fast and Precise Genetic Algorithm for a Non-linear Fitting Problem. Comput. Phys. Commun. 2000, 124, 204-211.

Stephani, A., Nuno, J.C. and Heinrich, R. Optimal Stoichiometric Designs of ATP-producing Systems as Determined by an Evolutionary Algorithm. J. Theor. Biol. 1999, 199, 46-61.

James, A., Swanni, K. and Recce, M. Cell Behaviour as a Dynamic Attractor in the Intracellular Signalling System. J. Theor. Biol. 1999, 196, 269-288.

Heinrich, R., Lemedez-Hevia, E., Montero, F., Nuno, J.C., Stephani, A. and Waddell, T.G. The Structural Design of Glycolysis: an Evolutionary Approach. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 1999, 27, 294-298.

Manby, F.R., Johnston, R.L. and Roberts, C. Predatory Genetic Algorithms. MATCH 1998, 38, 111-122.

Assion, A., Baumert, T., Bergt, M., Brixner, T., Kiefer, B., Seyfried, V., Strehle, M. and Gerber, G. Control of Chemical Reactions by Feedback-optimized Phase-Shaped Femtosecond Laser Pulses. Science 1998, 282, 919-922.

Chaudhury, P. and Bhattacharyya, S.P. Numerical Solutions of the Schrodinger Equation Directly or Perturbatively by a Genetic Algorithm: Test Cases. Chem. Phys. Lett. 1998, 296, 51-60.

Chuzhanova, N.A., Jones, A.J. and Margetts, S. Feature Selection for Genetic Sequence Classification. Bioinformatics 1998, 14, 139-143.

Lisy, V., Miskovsky, P., Brutovsky, B. and Chirsky, L. Internal DNA Modes Below 25cm-1: a Resonance Raman Spectroscopy Observation. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 1997, 14, 517-523.

van Kampen, A.H.C. and Buydens, L.M.C. Reinvestigation of a Genetic-Based Classifier System: the Effectiveness of Recombination. Computers and Chemistry 1997, 21, 153-160.

Brutovsky, B., Ulicny, J., Miskovsky, P., Lisy, V. and Chinsky, L. Genetic Refinement of the Molecular Force Field: Normal Mode Analysis of Purine Vibrations. Biospectroscopy 1997, 3, 61-71.

Trinkunas, G. and Holzwarth, A.R. Kinetic Modeling of Exciton Migration in Photosynthetic Systems. 3. Application of Genetic Algorithms to Simulations of Excitation Dynamics in Three-dimensional Photosystem I Core Antenna/Reaction Center Complexes. Biophysical Journal 1996, 71, 351-364.

van Kampen, A.H.C., Strom, C.S. and Buydens, L.M.C. Lethalization, Penalty and Repair Functions for Constraint Handling in the Genetic Algorithm Methodology. Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 1996, 34, 55-68.

Jaeger, E.P., Pevear, D.C., Felock, P.J., Russo, G.R. and Treasurywala, A.M. Genetic Algorithm Based Method to Design a Primary Screen for Antirhinovirus Agents. In Computer-Aided Molecular Design: Applications in Agrochemicals, Materials and Pharmaceuticals, Reynolds, C.H., Holloway, M.K. and Cox, H.K. (Eds). ACS Symposium Series 589, ACS, Washington DC, 1995. pp. 139-155.

Zeiri, Y., Fattal, E. and Kosloff, R. Application of Genetic Algorithm to the Calculation of Bound States and Local Density Approximations. J. Chem. Phys. 1995, 102, 1859-1862.

Stefanini, F.M. and Camussi, A. APLOGEN: An Object-oriented Genetic Algorithm Performing Monte Carlo Optimization. Comput. Appl. Biosci. 1993, 9, 695-700.


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